Quiz 1: Pathophysiology Chapters 1, 3, & 28
Chapter 1:
Pathophysiology- involves the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result
from disease processes.
The study of the functional changes in the body that occur as a result of a disease,
disorder, or injury
It explains how and why normal physiological processes are altered
What happens inside the body when something goes wrong like with a disease.
Seven steps to health
Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke.
Eat 5 to10 servings of vegetables and fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower fat foods.
Limit alcohol intake.
Physical activity on a regular basis
Protection from the sun
Follow cancer screening guidelines.
Doctor or dentist visit if any changes in the normal state of health
Follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and
disposing of hazardous materials.
Primary Prevention: The goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or
experiencing an injury in the first place.
For example:
Education about good nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and the dangers of
tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
Education and legislation about proper seat belt and helmet use
Regular exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness
Immunization against infectious disease
Controlling potential hazards at home and in the workplace
Secondary Prevention: These interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have
already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its
earliest stages; in the case of injury, goals include limiting long-term disability and preventing
reinjury.
For example:
Telling people to take daily, low-dose aspirin to prevent a first or second heart attack or
stroke
, Recommending regular exams and screening tests in people with known risk factors for
illness
Providing suitably modified work for injured workers
Tertiary Prevention: This phase focuses on helping people manage complicated, ong-term
health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. The
goals include preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life.
For example:
• Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs
• Chronic pain management programs
• Patient support groups
The Disease Process
Not all of these terms are necessarily used when describing any one disorder.
Diagnosis: refers to the identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs
and symptoms, laboratory tests (see front inside cover and Ready Reference 5 in the
Appendix), or other tools. More than one factor is usually required to verify a diag-nosis.
For example, a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus could be confirmed by a blood test
following consideration of the patient's signs, and a fractured leg bone is indicated by
pain, swelling, and perhaps the position of the leg, but is confirmed by x-ray.
Etiology: concerns the causative factors in a particular disease. There may be one or
several causative factors. Etiologic agents include congenital defects, inherited or genetic
disorders, microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria, immunologic dysfunction,
metabolic derangements, degenerative changes, ma-lignancy, burns and other trauma,
environmental fac-tors, and nutritional deficiencies.
Etiology-Causes of Disease
Idiopathic: When the cause of a disease is unknown
Iatrogenic: In some cases, a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease
o Examples of iatrogenic disease are a bladder infection following catheterization, or
bone marrow damage caused by a prescribed drug.
Predisposing factors: encompass the tendencies that promote development of a disease in
an individual.
o Predisposing or high-risk factors may include age, gender, inherited factors,
occupational exposure, or certain dietary practices.
o For example, insufficient calcium intake predisposes to osteoporosis. Exposure to
asbestos is known to increase the risk of developing cancer.
o By promoting avoidance of predisposing factors, the number of individuals
developing the disorder could be greatly reduced.
A prophylaxis: is a measure designed to preserve health (as of an individual or society)
and prevent the spread of disease.
o Prophylactic treatment for myocardial infarction for high-risk patients is a baby
aspirin daily.
Chapter 1:
Pathophysiology- involves the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result
from disease processes.
The study of the functional changes in the body that occur as a result of a disease,
disorder, or injury
It explains how and why normal physiological processes are altered
What happens inside the body when something goes wrong like with a disease.
Seven steps to health
Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke.
Eat 5 to10 servings of vegetables and fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower fat foods.
Limit alcohol intake.
Physical activity on a regular basis
Protection from the sun
Follow cancer screening guidelines.
Doctor or dentist visit if any changes in the normal state of health
Follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and
disposing of hazardous materials.
Primary Prevention: The goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or
experiencing an injury in the first place.
For example:
Education about good nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and the dangers of
tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
Education and legislation about proper seat belt and helmet use
Regular exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness
Immunization against infectious disease
Controlling potential hazards at home and in the workplace
Secondary Prevention: These interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have
already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its
earliest stages; in the case of injury, goals include limiting long-term disability and preventing
reinjury.
For example:
Telling people to take daily, low-dose aspirin to prevent a first or second heart attack or
stroke
, Recommending regular exams and screening tests in people with known risk factors for
illness
Providing suitably modified work for injured workers
Tertiary Prevention: This phase focuses on helping people manage complicated, ong-term
health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. The
goals include preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life.
For example:
• Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs
• Chronic pain management programs
• Patient support groups
The Disease Process
Not all of these terms are necessarily used when describing any one disorder.
Diagnosis: refers to the identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs
and symptoms, laboratory tests (see front inside cover and Ready Reference 5 in the
Appendix), or other tools. More than one factor is usually required to verify a diag-nosis.
For example, a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus could be confirmed by a blood test
following consideration of the patient's signs, and a fractured leg bone is indicated by
pain, swelling, and perhaps the position of the leg, but is confirmed by x-ray.
Etiology: concerns the causative factors in a particular disease. There may be one or
several causative factors. Etiologic agents include congenital defects, inherited or genetic
disorders, microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria, immunologic dysfunction,
metabolic derangements, degenerative changes, ma-lignancy, burns and other trauma,
environmental fac-tors, and nutritional deficiencies.
Etiology-Causes of Disease
Idiopathic: When the cause of a disease is unknown
Iatrogenic: In some cases, a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease
o Examples of iatrogenic disease are a bladder infection following catheterization, or
bone marrow damage caused by a prescribed drug.
Predisposing factors: encompass the tendencies that promote development of a disease in
an individual.
o Predisposing or high-risk factors may include age, gender, inherited factors,
occupational exposure, or certain dietary practices.
o For example, insufficient calcium intake predisposes to osteoporosis. Exposure to
asbestos is known to increase the risk of developing cancer.
o By promoting avoidance of predisposing factors, the number of individuals
developing the disorder could be greatly reduced.
A prophylaxis: is a measure designed to preserve health (as of an individual or society)
and prevent the spread of disease.
o Prophylactic treatment for myocardial infarction for high-risk patients is a baby
aspirin daily.
