Geography FINAL:Place,Space&Identity220 Concordia University

Cultural Systems - ANS-- interacting components that shape a group's collective identity What does a cultural system include - ANS-- Traits, territorial affiliation, shared history, language and religion Religion - ANS-- A belief system and set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humankind Diaspora - ANS-- the spatial dispersion of a previously homogenous group Four core religions - ANS-- Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism Hinduism emergence (time) - ANS-- 4,000 years ago Judaism emergence (time) - ANS-- 4,000 years ago Christianity (time) - ANS-- 2,000 years ago Islam (time) - ANS-- 1,300 years ago Monotheistic - ANS-- belief in one God (Judaism was the first) Smaller core religion and why - ANS-- Judaism, doesn't seek to convert Largest core religion - ANS-- Christianity, forced conversion for political control (2 billion) "Islam" in Arabic - ANS-- submission ( to God's will) Second largest core religion - ANS-- Islam (1.5 billion) Faith - ANS-- Key component of globalization Recent flowing trend of religion - ANS-- Periphery to core Televangelism - ANS-- religious changes and conversion occurring through electronic media Christian fundamentalism - ANS-- Term used to describe strict adherence to Christian doctrines based on a literal interpretation of the bible Sacred Spaces - ANS-- areas if the globe recognized by individuals or groups as worthy of special attention because they are the sites of special religious experiences and events the Creation - ANS-- Australian Aborigine interpretation of Earth during the Dreamtime Feng Shui - ANS-- Chinese practice, seeking earth for yin and yang energies, two energies kept in harmony Pilgrimage - ANS-- journey to a sacred space Pilgrim - ANS-- a person who undertakes the journey Hajj - ANS-- Once in a lifetime journey of Muslims to Mecca; praying in the city to receive grace of Allah Jerusalem - ANS-- Holy City, capital of Israel, Jewish, Christian and Islamic history Language - ANS-- Way of communicating by system of signs, gestures, marks or articulate vocal sounds Dialects - ANS-- Regional variations of language; featuring differences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary that are place based in nature Language family - ANS-- a collection of individual languages prehistorically connected; ex) Grey nuns, prehistorically connected by ancestors Indo-European family percentage - ANS-- 50% of world's people speak language that is in Indo-European family Language Branch - ANS-- collection of languages that possesses a definite common origin but has split into individual languages; ex) Common interests on hallways (same floor of grey nuns), but split (by rooms) Language group - ANS-- collection of several individual languages that is part of a language branch, shares a common origin in the recent past, and has relatively similar grammar and vocab; ex friend group at grey nuns collected in hallways Carl Sauer - ANS-- Identified the origins of certain cultural practices with the label "cultural hearth" Isolate - ANS-- Language that has no other connections to any other languages, known through numerals Allophone - ANS-- If the mother tongue isn't french or english number of languages spoken in the world - ANS-- 4,000-5,000 Cultural hearths - ANS-- the geographic origins or sources of innovations, ideas, or ideologies the State - ANS-- An independent political unit with recognized boundaries; ex) walls of grey nuns Nation - ANS-- group of people sharing certain elements of culture such as religion, language, history or political identity; ex) residence of grey nuns Nation-state - ANS-- Refers to an ideal form consisting of a homogeneous group of people governed by their own state; ex) all go to Concordia Sovereignty - ANS-- the exercise of state power over people and territory; that power is recognized by other states and codified by international law; ex) enforcing lease signed at grey nuns Citizenship - ANS-- belonging to a nation-state that included civil, political, and social rights as well as obligations Multinational states - ANS-- States composed of more than one regional or ethnic group Nationalism - ANS-- The feeling of belonging to a nation and the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs; ex) school spirit Federal State - ANS-- Allocates some power to units of local government within the country; ex) head RA's Unitary state - ANS-- Power is concentrated in the central government; ex) North Korea USSR - ANS-- tension among states, nations, and nationalism illustrated by the current state. Desire for sovereignty, strategy to bind 100 nationalities into Russian state, and it wasn't successful. Non-Russian nations were forced to confide in Russian cultures or else; this caused rebellion. Vladimir suggested "recognition" which ensured independence; enforced federal units to provide equality. 1985: still under federal system New leader wanted democratic reform, lifted restrictions, Russia entered CIS CIS - ANS-- Commonwealth Independent States (a confederation) Confederation - ANS-- A group of sovereign states unite for a common purpose Canada Confederation - ANS-- Refers to process of forming the Canadian dominion in 1867, Canada is federal Discourse - ANS-- Institutionalized way of thinking Economic rent - ANS-- amount of economic returns (profit) when you subtract costs from income Economic advantage - ANS-- high-volume retailing is more profitable than installing factories Bid-rent - ANS-- around of $ that a corporation/business/individual will pay to have access to a manufacturing space Self-determination - ANS-- The right of a group with distinctive political territorial identity to determine its own destiny through control of its own territory Regional movements - ANS-- movement to claim or reclaim particular territories Regionalism - ANS-- The feeling of collective identity based on a population's political territorial identification within a state or across state boundaries Sectionalism - ANS-- Extreme devotion to regional interests and customs Autonomy - ANS-- the right or condition of self government (in terms of a country or region) YUGOSLAVIA - ANS-- Former Yugoslavia: Consists of seven states (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia) Boundaries were laid out in the twentieth century, caused conflict due to complex mixtures of ethnic groups and religions, confusion of claims for territory, new states are home to a mix of nationalities Socially constructed places - ANS-- places given different meanings by different groups for different purposes Territoriality - ANS-- Refers to the persistent attachment of individuals of peoples to a specific location or territory Ethology - ANS-- The scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs Proxemics - ANS-- The study of the social and cultural meanings that people give to personal space; ex) choosing the same seat in school every day Three need provided by territoriality - ANS-- 1) The regulation of social interaction 2) regulation of access to people and resources 3) the provision of a focus and symbol of group membership and identity Paths - ANS-- The channels along which they and others move; for example, streets, walkways, transit lines, canals Cognitive images - ANS-- Simplified images of what people see in their minds Edges - ANS-- Barriers that separate one area from another, for example shorelines, walls, railroad tracks Districts - ANS-- Areas with an identifiable character, that people mentally enter and leave; for example, a business district or an ethnic neighborhood Nodes - ANS-- Strategic points and foci for travel; street corners, traffic junctions, city squares Landmarks - ANS-- Physical reference points such as distinctive landforms, buildings or monuments Formation of cognitive images - ANS-- Information about the real world(directly or indirectly) > filtered through senses (brain and personality) > Attitudes acquired from cultural background > Recall (a transformed image) Topophilia - ANS-- Emotions and meanings associated with particular places that have become significant to individual Semiotics - ANS-- practice of reading and writing signs Incomplete information - ANS-- Caused by cognitive images of certain areas, no information of others Biased information - ANS-- formed from indirect sources (books, magazines, television and Internet) glacis militaire - ANS-- Sloping clear zone of fire for the defenders just outside the new city walls The modern movement - ANS-- Based on the idea that buildings and cities should be designed and run like machines International-Style - ANS-- Preferred style for large scale urban design projects around the world Amount of population that cities account for - ANS-- half Rate at which largest cities in the periphery are growing at annually - ANS-- 4-7% Doubling time - ANS-- Time needed for it to double in size at current growth rates Social and cultural needs that territoriality provides - ANS-- 1) Regulation of social interaction ex: going to church 2) Regulation of access to people and resources 3) Provision of a focus and symbol of group membership and identity Modernity - ANS-- A concept that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, progress and technology Modernism - ANS-- Forward looking view of the world that emphasizes scientific reason, rationality, creativity, novelty and progress Examples of modernity - ANS-- Developments such as the telegraph, telephone, X-ray, motion picture, radio, bicycle...etc Origin of modernity - ANS-- The evolved widespread belief in universal human progress and the sovereignty of scientific reasoning over religious dogma One result of modernity - ANS-- All the products of modernity often resembled each other; they have an interchangeable look because they all follow the same design rules 4 features of modernist landscapes - ANS-- 1) The form follows a specific function 2) Linearity and Angularity 3) Absence of detail 4) Efficiency Consumerism's effect (process of globalization) - ANS-- People are overwhelmed by changes in their traditional cultural, spiritual and social values and norms Internet's role on globalization - ANS-- New form of communication, instant, open to all, based on English Post-modernity - ANS-- The cultural or economic state of western society after period of "modernity" Post-modern tourist appeals - ANS-- Borrowing other cultural heritages to heighten the tourist appeals of an area (the replica can sometimes be just as valued as the authentic) Example of post-modernity - ANS-- Venice in Las Vegas, Paris in Las Vegas Global metropolitanism examples - ANS-- CNN, youtube, internet, Coca-Cola, Disney, iPad, Budweiser, McD's, GAP...etc Cosmopolitanism - ANS-- Intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images and products from different cultures Homogenization - ANS-- Through jobs, material culture Transnational Elite - ANS-- Market designers, international connecters, travel the world for business and pleasure Disneyfictation - ANS-- Same as global metropolitanism examples Authenticity - ANS-- Originality before modernization Four fundamental aspects of city roles - ANS-- 1) Places where entrepreneurs can get things done (mobilizing) 2) Where political and economic power resides (Decision-making) 3) Because of competition and interaction, the generation of innovation, it facilitates knowledge and information exists (Generative) 4) Liberty of an urban area due to size (transformative) Modern Movement - ANS-- Based on an idea that buildings and cities should be designed and run like machines Urban system - ANS-- Interdependent set of urban settlements within a given region Urban form - ANS-- Refers to the physical structure and organization of cities in their land use, layout, and built environment Urban ecology - ANS-- the social and demographic composition of a city districts and neighbourhoods Urbanism - ANS-- Describes the way of life in an urban setting, the physical density, and variety of distinctive attitudes, values and patterns of behaviour Urban origins - ANS-- Earliest urbanization developed independently in the various hearth areas of the first agricultural revolution First region of independent urbanism - ANS-- 3500 B.C.E, Fertile Crescent of the Middle East Central place - ANS-- Settlement where certain types of products and services are available to consumers Central place theory - ANS-- Seeks to explain the tendency for central places to be organized in hierarchical systems, Chris Staller Fundamental tenet of central place theory - ANS-- Smallest settlements in an urban system provide only those services that meet everyday needs Urban hierarchy - ANS-- Tier 1 (Montreal) Tier 2 (Ottawa) Tier 3 (Moncton) Tier 4 (Summerside) Tier 1 (urban hierarchy) - ANS-- Cities that provide high order functions to the national marketplace Tier 2 - ANS-- General-purpose cities with diverse functions but only regional importance Tier 3 - ANS-- More specialized centers of subregional importance Tier 4 - ANS-- Local importance which can provide their populations with little more than a basic range of shopping and services Rank-size rule - ANS-- Relationship between the population size of cities and their rank within the overall hierarchy: the nth largest city in a country or region is 1/n the size of the largest city in that country Primacy - ANS-- Occurs when the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities Primate cities - ANS-- Cities that follow primacy; Paris Centrality - ANS-- Condition when a city's economic political and cultural function is disproportionate to its population; dominating city in urban area Counter-urbanization - ANS-- Occurs when cities experience a net loss of population to smaller towns and rural areas world city functions (7) - ANS-- 1) Most leading global market 2) Clusters of specialized advanced business services 3) Concentrations of corporate head quarters 4) Concentrations of national and international head quarters 5) Non-Governmental organizations 6) most powerful media organization 7) Many terrorists attacks because of easy visibility Megacities - ANS-- Those with a population of 10 million or more Re-urbanization - ANS-- Involves the growth of population in metropolitan central cores following a period of absolute or relative decline in population Agglomeration index - ANS-- Identifies an area of 1 square km as urban if population density exceeds 150 and it has access to a settlement of more than 50 000 inhabitants within 60 min by road Over-urbanization - ANS-- Occurs when cities grow more rapidly than they can sustain jobs and housing, causes slums Squatter settlements - ANS-- Residential developments on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants Utility (of an area) - ANS-- Refers to its usefulness to particular persons or groups Bid-rent - ANS-- The price corporations are prepared to pay for different locations Accessibility - ANS-- Utility is a function of accessibility Isotropic Surface - ANS-- Hypothetical uniform plane: flat and with no variations in its physical attributes Trade-off model - ANS-- Presumed difference between accessibility and living space (cost) (Trade-off living space for employment or expensive locations) Concentric model, Bourges - ANS-- Highest volume retailing > factories > warehousing > residential; competition Congregation - ANS-- The territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups of people, also grouping of activity Minority groups - ANS-- Population subgroups that are seen as somehow different from the general population Advantages of congregation: - ANS-- 1) Cultural preservation 2) Minimize conflict & outsiders 3) Mutual support 4) Establishing power base in relation to the "host society" Discrimination's role - ANS-- Can restrict the territory of minority groups and resist their assimilation into the host society (Keep out attitude) Segregation - ANS-- The combination of congregation and discrimination, the spatial separation of specific subgroups within a wider population 3 principle situations of segregation - ANS-- 1) Enclaves- Long standing segregation but dominated by internal cohesion 2) Ghettos- Long standing, more products of discrimination 3) Colonies- weak and short lasting Central Business District (CBD) - ANS-- Nucleus of commercial land uses Zone in transition - ANS-- Mixture of growth, change and decline Invasion and Succession - ANS-- Based off Bourges model, moving outwards from CBD to become more economically stable Ecological niches - ANS-- Settings where a particular mix of people have come to dominate a particular territory and a particular physical environment Author of model of urban structure, Hoyt Model (1-5) - ANS-- 1930 Homer Hoyt, based on observations of American cities, patterns in terms of sectors of industry and relative arrangement of different classes Multiple nuclei model (depends on ethnicity) - ANS-- Decentralized nodes of different categories of land use end up in many different configurations depending on local conditions (Greater Toronto Area) Who designed Multiple nuclei model - ANS-- Harris and Ullman Polycentric new metropolis - ANS-- System of nodes and realms is bound together with highways Other nodes in polycentric new metropolis - ANS-- Edge cities (retail and offices) Newer business centers Complexes Education and sporting Muslim - ANS-- member of the community of believers whose duty is obedience and submission to God Yi-Fu Tuan - ANS-- The whole world was originally a sacred space, but with the use of religion and territoriality, material wealth and urbanization destroyed previous theory Land rent - ANS-- Land economics, paying for employees and rent, upkeep High land use - ANS-- Peak land value, such as Eaton center