BNKN602 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Nursing Interventions for Emphysema - ✔✔Administer O2 as prescribed if indicated
- to reduce risk of hypoxia.
✔✔Administer inhalers - ✔✔To dilate the bronchioles to allow the patient to breathe
easier.
✔✔Position patient upright - ✔✔To promote gas exchange and optimize lung
expansion.
✔✔Asthma - ✔✔A condition characterized by airway hyper responsiveness,
bronchospasm, and increased mucus production.
✔✔Pathophysiology of Asthma - ✔✔Involves allergen entry, immune response
activation, mast cell activation, eosinophil stimulation, vasodilation, airway hyper
responsiveness, increased mucus, and gas trapping.
✔✔Dysponea - ✔✔Difficulty in breathing.
✔✔Chest pain/tightness - ✔✔A sensation of discomfort or pressure in the chest.
✔✔Tachypnoea - ✔✔Increased respiratory rate.
✔✔Wheeze - ✔✔A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing.
✔✔Fatigue - ✔✔A state of extreme tiredness.
✔✔Anxiety - ✔✔A feeling of worry or unease.
✔✔Full rapid Ax - ✔✔Assessment to establish acute problems/risks for the patient.
✔✔Airway patency - ✔✔Ensuring that the airway is clear for maximum air entry.
✔✔Administer O2 - ✔✔To reduce risk of hypoxia.
✔✔Pulmonary Embolism - ✔✔A blockage in the pulmonary artery usually caused by
blood clots.
✔✔Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Embolism - ✔✔Involves thrombus dislodgement,
obstruction of pulmonary artery, right ventricle dilation, decreased cardiac output,
systemic hypotension, right ventricle hypoxia, and VQ mismatch.
, ✔✔Cough - ✔✔A sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs.
✔✔Chest pain - ✔✔Discomfort or pain in the chest area.
✔✔SOB - ✔✔Shortness of breath.
✔✔Dizziness - ✔✔A sensation of lightheadedness or unsteadiness.
✔✔Pregnancy - ✔✔A condition that can predispose individuals to pulmonary embolism.
✔✔Previous medical/surgical Hx - ✔✔History used to identify predisposing risk factors.
✔✔ECG - ✔✔An electrocardiogram used to rule out cardiac causes of chest pain.
✔✔Administer analgesia - ✔✔To relieve pain and optimize breathing.
✔✔COPD - ✔✔Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a group of lung diseases that
block airflow.
✔✔Pathophysiology of COPD - ✔✔Involves chronic inflammation, mucus production,
bronchial irritation, and impaired gas exchange.
✔✔Aetiology of COPD - ✔✔Causes include indoor/outdoor plants, smoking, genetics,
dust, and chemicals.
✔✔SOBOE - ✔✔Shortness of breath on exertion.
✔✔Chronic cough - ✔✔A persistent cough that lasts longer than expected.
✔✔Chronic cough - ✔✔A persistent cough that lasts for an extended period.
✔✔Fatigue - ✔✔A state of extreme tiredness or exhaustion.
✔✔Sputum Production - ✔✔The production of mucus or phlegm from the respiratory
tract.
✔✔Increased frequency of chest infections - ✔✔More frequent occurrences of infections
in the chest area.
✔✔Peak flow - ✔✔A measurement to gain a baseline of the patient's respiratory
function.
✔✔Posterior chest Ax - ✔✔An assessment to listen for abnormal breathing sounds.
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Nursing Interventions for Emphysema - ✔✔Administer O2 as prescribed if indicated
- to reduce risk of hypoxia.
✔✔Administer inhalers - ✔✔To dilate the bronchioles to allow the patient to breathe
easier.
✔✔Position patient upright - ✔✔To promote gas exchange and optimize lung
expansion.
✔✔Asthma - ✔✔A condition characterized by airway hyper responsiveness,
bronchospasm, and increased mucus production.
✔✔Pathophysiology of Asthma - ✔✔Involves allergen entry, immune response
activation, mast cell activation, eosinophil stimulation, vasodilation, airway hyper
responsiveness, increased mucus, and gas trapping.
✔✔Dysponea - ✔✔Difficulty in breathing.
✔✔Chest pain/tightness - ✔✔A sensation of discomfort or pressure in the chest.
✔✔Tachypnoea - ✔✔Increased respiratory rate.
✔✔Wheeze - ✔✔A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing.
✔✔Fatigue - ✔✔A state of extreme tiredness.
✔✔Anxiety - ✔✔A feeling of worry or unease.
✔✔Full rapid Ax - ✔✔Assessment to establish acute problems/risks for the patient.
✔✔Airway patency - ✔✔Ensuring that the airway is clear for maximum air entry.
✔✔Administer O2 - ✔✔To reduce risk of hypoxia.
✔✔Pulmonary Embolism - ✔✔A blockage in the pulmonary artery usually caused by
blood clots.
✔✔Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Embolism - ✔✔Involves thrombus dislodgement,
obstruction of pulmonary artery, right ventricle dilation, decreased cardiac output,
systemic hypotension, right ventricle hypoxia, and VQ mismatch.
, ✔✔Cough - ✔✔A sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs.
✔✔Chest pain - ✔✔Discomfort or pain in the chest area.
✔✔SOB - ✔✔Shortness of breath.
✔✔Dizziness - ✔✔A sensation of lightheadedness or unsteadiness.
✔✔Pregnancy - ✔✔A condition that can predispose individuals to pulmonary embolism.
✔✔Previous medical/surgical Hx - ✔✔History used to identify predisposing risk factors.
✔✔ECG - ✔✔An electrocardiogram used to rule out cardiac causes of chest pain.
✔✔Administer analgesia - ✔✔To relieve pain and optimize breathing.
✔✔COPD - ✔✔Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a group of lung diseases that
block airflow.
✔✔Pathophysiology of COPD - ✔✔Involves chronic inflammation, mucus production,
bronchial irritation, and impaired gas exchange.
✔✔Aetiology of COPD - ✔✔Causes include indoor/outdoor plants, smoking, genetics,
dust, and chemicals.
✔✔SOBOE - ✔✔Shortness of breath on exertion.
✔✔Chronic cough - ✔✔A persistent cough that lasts longer than expected.
✔✔Chronic cough - ✔✔A persistent cough that lasts for an extended period.
✔✔Fatigue - ✔✔A state of extreme tiredness or exhaustion.
✔✔Sputum Production - ✔✔The production of mucus or phlegm from the respiratory
tract.
✔✔Increased frequency of chest infections - ✔✔More frequent occurrences of infections
in the chest area.
✔✔Peak flow - ✔✔A measurement to gain a baseline of the patient's respiratory
function.
✔✔Posterior chest Ax - ✔✔An assessment to listen for abnormal breathing sounds.
