CRIMINALISTIEK EN BEWIJSWAARDERING
BLOK 1
READER HOOFDSTUK 1
Forensic Science Timeline
BCE Evidence of fingerprints in early paintings and rock carvings of
prehistoric humans
700s Chinese used fingerprints to establish identity of documents and
clay sculpture, but without any formal classification system
1248 A Chinese book (The Washing Away of the Wrongs) contains a
description of how to distinguish drowning from strangulation.
This was the first recorded application of medical knowledge to
the solution of crime.
1609 The first treatise on systematic document examination was
published by François Demelle of France
1686 Marcello Malphi, a professor of anatomy at the University of
Bologna, noted fingerprint characteristics. However, he made no
mention of their value as a tool for individual identification.
1784 In Lancaster, England, John Toms was convicted of murder on
the basis of the torn edge of wad of newspaper in a pistol
matching a remaining piece in his pocket. This was one of the
first documented uses of physical matching.
(180 Thomas Bewick, an English naturalist, used engravings of his
0s) own fingerprints to identify books he published
1810 Eugène François Vidocq, in return for a suspension of arrest
and a jail sentence, made a deal with the police to establish the
first detective force, the Sûreté of Paris.
1810 The first recorded use of question document analysis occurred in
Germany. A chemical test for a particular ink dye was applied to
a document known as the Konigin Hanschritt.
1813 Mathiew Orfila, a Spaniard who became professor of
medicinal/forensic chemistry at University of Paris, published
Traite des Poisons Tires des Regnes Mineral, Vegetal et Animal,
ou Toxicologie General 1. Orfila is considered the father of
modern toxicology. He also made significant contributions to the
development of tests for the presence of blood in a forensic
context and is credited as the first to attempt the use of a
microscope in the assessment of blood and semen stains.
1823 John Evangelist Purkinji, a professor of anatomy at the
University of Breslau, Czechoslovakia, published the first paper
on the nature of fingerprints and suggested a classification
system based on nine major types. However, he failed to
recognize their individualizing potential.
1828 William Nichol invented the polarizing light microscope.
(183 Aldophe Quetelet, a Belgian statistician, provided the
0s) foundation for Bertillon’s work by stating his belief that no two
human bodies were exactly alike.
1831 Leuchs first noted amylase activity in human saliva.
,1835 Henry Goddard, one of Scotland Yard’s original Bow Street
Runners, first used bullet comparison to catch a murderer. His
comparison was based on a visible flaw in the bullet which was
traced back to a mold.
1836 James Marsh, a Scottish chemist, was the first to use toxicology
(arsenic detection) in a jury trial.
1839 H. Bayard published the first reliable procedures for the
microscopic detection of sperm. He also noted the different
microscopic characteristics of various different substrate fabrics.
1851 Ludwig Teichmann, in Kracow Poland, developed the first
microscopic crystal test for hemoglobin using hemin crystals.
1854 An English physician, Maddox, developed dry plate
photography, eclipsing M. Daguerre’s wet plate on tin method.
This made practical the photographing of inmates for prison
records.
1856 Sir William Herschel, a Britisch officer working for the Indian
Civil service, began to use thumbprints on documents both as a
substitute for written signatures for illiterates and to verify
document signatures.
1862 The Dutch scientist J. (Izaak) Van Deen developed a
presumptive test for blood using guaiac, a West Indian shrub.
1863 The German scientist Schönbein first discovered the ability of
hemoglobin to oxidize hydrogen peroxide making it foam. This
resulted in first presumptive test for blood.
1864 Odelbrecht first advocated the use of photography for the
identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence
and crime scenes.
1877 Thomas Taylor, microscopist to U.S. Department of Agriculture
suggested that markings of the palms of the hands and the tips
of the fingers could be used for identification in criminal cases.
Although reported in the American Journal of Microscopy and
Popular Science and Scientific American, the idea was
apparently never pursued from this source.
1879 Rudolph Virchow, a German pathologist, was one of the first to
both study hair and recognize its limitations
1880 Henry Faulds, a Scottish physician working in Tokyo, published
a paper in the journal Nature suggesting that fingerprints at the
scene of a crime could identify the offender. In one of the first
recorded uses of fingerprints to solve a crime, Faulds used
fingerprints to eliminate an innocent suspect and indicate a
perpetrator in a Tokyo burglary.
1882 Gilbert Thompson, a railroad builder with the U.S Geological
Survey in New Mexico, put his own thumbprint on wage chits to
safeguard himself from forgeries.
1883 Alphonse Bertillon, a French police employee, identified the
first recidivist based on his invention of anthropometry.
1887 Arthur Conan Doyle published the first Sherlock Holmes story
in Beeton’s Christmas Annual of London.
1889 Alexandre Lacassagne, professor of forensic medicine at the
, University of Lyons, France, was the first to try to individualize
bullets to a gun barrel. His comparisons at the time were based
simply on the number of lands and grooves.
1891 Hans Gross, examining magistrate and professor of criminal
law at the University of Graz, Austria, published Criminal
Investigation, the first comprehensive description of uses of
physical evidence in solving crime. Gross is also sometimes
credited with coining the word criminalistics.
1892 (Sir) Francis Galton published Fingerprints, the first
comprehensive book on the nature of fingerprints and their use
in solving crime.
1892 Juan Vucetich, an Argentinean police researcher, developed the
fingerprint classification system that would come to be used in
Latin America. After Vucetich implicated a mother in the murder
of her own children using her bloody fingerprints, Argentina was
the first country to replace anthropometry with fingerprints.
1894 Alfred Dreyfus of France was convicted of treason based on a
mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillon.
1896 Sir Edward Richard Henry developed the print classification
system that would come to be used in Europe and North
America. He published Classification and Uses of Finger Prints.
1898 Paul Jesrich, a forensic chemist working in Berlin, Germany,
took photomicrographs of two bullets to compare, and
subsequently individualize, the minutiae.
1900 Karl Landsteiner first discovered human blood groups and was
awarded the Nobel prize for his work in 1930. Max Richter
adapted the technique to type stains. This is one of the first
instances of performing validation experiments specifically to
adapt a method for forensic science. Landsteiner’s continued
work on the detection of blood, its species, and its type formed
the basis of practically all subsequent work.
1901 Paul Uhlenhuth, a German immunologist, developed the
precipiten test for species. He was also one of the first to
institute standards, controls, and QA/QC procedures.
Wassermann (famous for developing a test for syphilis) and
Schütze independently discovered and published the precipiten
test, but never received due credit.
1901 Sir Edward Richard Henry was appointed head of Scotland
Yard and forced the adoption of fingerprint identification to
replace anthropometry.
1901 Henry P. DeForrest pioneered the first systematic use of
fingerprints in the United States by the New York Civil Service
Commission.
1902 Professor R.A. Reiss, professor at the University of Lausanne,
Switzerland, and a pupil of Bertillon, set up one of the first
academic curricula in forensic science. His forensic photography
department grew into Lausanne Institute of Police Science.
1903 The New York State Prison system began the first systematic use
of fingerprints in United States for criminal identification.
, 1903 At Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas, Will West, a new
inmate, was initially confused with a resident convict William
West using anthropometry. They were later (1905) found to be
easily differentiated by their fingerprints.
1904 Oskar and Rudolf Adler developed a presumptive test for
blood based on benzidine, a new chemical developed by Merk.
1905 American President Theodore Roosevelt established Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
1910 Victor Balthazard, professor of forensic medicine at the
Sorbonne, with Marcelle Lambert, published the first
comprehensive hair study, Le poil de l'homme et des animaux. In
one of the first cases involving hairs, Rosella Rousseau was
convinced to confess to murder of Germaine Bichon. Balthazard
also used photographic enlargements of bullets and cartridge
cases to determining weapon type and was among the first to
attempt to individualize a bullet to a weapon.
1910 Edmund Locard, successor to Lacassagne as professor of
forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, established
the first police crime laboratory.
1910 Albert S. Osborne, an American and arguably the most
influential document examiner, published Questioned
Documents.
1912 Massaeo Takayama developed another microscopic crystal test
for hemoglobin using hemochromogen crystals.
1913 Victor Balthazard, professor of forensic medicine at the
Sorbonne, published the first article on individualizing bullet
markings.
1915 Leone Lattes, professor at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in
Turin Italy, developed the first antibody test for ABO blood
groups. He first used the test in casework to resolve a marital
dispute. He published L’Individualità del sangue nella biologia,
nella clinica, nella medicina, legale, the first book dealing not
only with clinical issues, but heritability, paternity, and typing of
dried stains.
1915 International Association for Criminal Identification, (to become
The Internation Association of Identification (IAI)), was
organized in Oakland, California.
1916 Albert Schneider of Berkeley, California first used a vacuum
apparatus to collect trace evidence.
1918 Edmond Locard first suggested 12 matching points as a
positive fingerprint identification.
1904 Locard published L'enquete criminelle et les methodes
scientifique, in which appears a passage that may have given
rise to the forensic precept that “Every contact leaves a trace.”
1920 Charles E. Waite was the first to catalog manufacturing data
about weapons.
1920 Georg Popp pioneered the use of botanical identification in
s forensic work.
1920 Luke May, one of the first American criminalists, pioneered
BLOK 1
READER HOOFDSTUK 1
Forensic Science Timeline
BCE Evidence of fingerprints in early paintings and rock carvings of
prehistoric humans
700s Chinese used fingerprints to establish identity of documents and
clay sculpture, but without any formal classification system
1248 A Chinese book (The Washing Away of the Wrongs) contains a
description of how to distinguish drowning from strangulation.
This was the first recorded application of medical knowledge to
the solution of crime.
1609 The first treatise on systematic document examination was
published by François Demelle of France
1686 Marcello Malphi, a professor of anatomy at the University of
Bologna, noted fingerprint characteristics. However, he made no
mention of their value as a tool for individual identification.
1784 In Lancaster, England, John Toms was convicted of murder on
the basis of the torn edge of wad of newspaper in a pistol
matching a remaining piece in his pocket. This was one of the
first documented uses of physical matching.
(180 Thomas Bewick, an English naturalist, used engravings of his
0s) own fingerprints to identify books he published
1810 Eugène François Vidocq, in return for a suspension of arrest
and a jail sentence, made a deal with the police to establish the
first detective force, the Sûreté of Paris.
1810 The first recorded use of question document analysis occurred in
Germany. A chemical test for a particular ink dye was applied to
a document known as the Konigin Hanschritt.
1813 Mathiew Orfila, a Spaniard who became professor of
medicinal/forensic chemistry at University of Paris, published
Traite des Poisons Tires des Regnes Mineral, Vegetal et Animal,
ou Toxicologie General 1. Orfila is considered the father of
modern toxicology. He also made significant contributions to the
development of tests for the presence of blood in a forensic
context and is credited as the first to attempt the use of a
microscope in the assessment of blood and semen stains.
1823 John Evangelist Purkinji, a professor of anatomy at the
University of Breslau, Czechoslovakia, published the first paper
on the nature of fingerprints and suggested a classification
system based on nine major types. However, he failed to
recognize their individualizing potential.
1828 William Nichol invented the polarizing light microscope.
(183 Aldophe Quetelet, a Belgian statistician, provided the
0s) foundation for Bertillon’s work by stating his belief that no two
human bodies were exactly alike.
1831 Leuchs first noted amylase activity in human saliva.
,1835 Henry Goddard, one of Scotland Yard’s original Bow Street
Runners, first used bullet comparison to catch a murderer. His
comparison was based on a visible flaw in the bullet which was
traced back to a mold.
1836 James Marsh, a Scottish chemist, was the first to use toxicology
(arsenic detection) in a jury trial.
1839 H. Bayard published the first reliable procedures for the
microscopic detection of sperm. He also noted the different
microscopic characteristics of various different substrate fabrics.
1851 Ludwig Teichmann, in Kracow Poland, developed the first
microscopic crystal test for hemoglobin using hemin crystals.
1854 An English physician, Maddox, developed dry plate
photography, eclipsing M. Daguerre’s wet plate on tin method.
This made practical the photographing of inmates for prison
records.
1856 Sir William Herschel, a Britisch officer working for the Indian
Civil service, began to use thumbprints on documents both as a
substitute for written signatures for illiterates and to verify
document signatures.
1862 The Dutch scientist J. (Izaak) Van Deen developed a
presumptive test for blood using guaiac, a West Indian shrub.
1863 The German scientist Schönbein first discovered the ability of
hemoglobin to oxidize hydrogen peroxide making it foam. This
resulted in first presumptive test for blood.
1864 Odelbrecht first advocated the use of photography for the
identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence
and crime scenes.
1877 Thomas Taylor, microscopist to U.S. Department of Agriculture
suggested that markings of the palms of the hands and the tips
of the fingers could be used for identification in criminal cases.
Although reported in the American Journal of Microscopy and
Popular Science and Scientific American, the idea was
apparently never pursued from this source.
1879 Rudolph Virchow, a German pathologist, was one of the first to
both study hair and recognize its limitations
1880 Henry Faulds, a Scottish physician working in Tokyo, published
a paper in the journal Nature suggesting that fingerprints at the
scene of a crime could identify the offender. In one of the first
recorded uses of fingerprints to solve a crime, Faulds used
fingerprints to eliminate an innocent suspect and indicate a
perpetrator in a Tokyo burglary.
1882 Gilbert Thompson, a railroad builder with the U.S Geological
Survey in New Mexico, put his own thumbprint on wage chits to
safeguard himself from forgeries.
1883 Alphonse Bertillon, a French police employee, identified the
first recidivist based on his invention of anthropometry.
1887 Arthur Conan Doyle published the first Sherlock Holmes story
in Beeton’s Christmas Annual of London.
1889 Alexandre Lacassagne, professor of forensic medicine at the
, University of Lyons, France, was the first to try to individualize
bullets to a gun barrel. His comparisons at the time were based
simply on the number of lands and grooves.
1891 Hans Gross, examining magistrate and professor of criminal
law at the University of Graz, Austria, published Criminal
Investigation, the first comprehensive description of uses of
physical evidence in solving crime. Gross is also sometimes
credited with coining the word criminalistics.
1892 (Sir) Francis Galton published Fingerprints, the first
comprehensive book on the nature of fingerprints and their use
in solving crime.
1892 Juan Vucetich, an Argentinean police researcher, developed the
fingerprint classification system that would come to be used in
Latin America. After Vucetich implicated a mother in the murder
of her own children using her bloody fingerprints, Argentina was
the first country to replace anthropometry with fingerprints.
1894 Alfred Dreyfus of France was convicted of treason based on a
mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillon.
1896 Sir Edward Richard Henry developed the print classification
system that would come to be used in Europe and North
America. He published Classification and Uses of Finger Prints.
1898 Paul Jesrich, a forensic chemist working in Berlin, Germany,
took photomicrographs of two bullets to compare, and
subsequently individualize, the minutiae.
1900 Karl Landsteiner first discovered human blood groups and was
awarded the Nobel prize for his work in 1930. Max Richter
adapted the technique to type stains. This is one of the first
instances of performing validation experiments specifically to
adapt a method for forensic science. Landsteiner’s continued
work on the detection of blood, its species, and its type formed
the basis of practically all subsequent work.
1901 Paul Uhlenhuth, a German immunologist, developed the
precipiten test for species. He was also one of the first to
institute standards, controls, and QA/QC procedures.
Wassermann (famous for developing a test for syphilis) and
Schütze independently discovered and published the precipiten
test, but never received due credit.
1901 Sir Edward Richard Henry was appointed head of Scotland
Yard and forced the adoption of fingerprint identification to
replace anthropometry.
1901 Henry P. DeForrest pioneered the first systematic use of
fingerprints in the United States by the New York Civil Service
Commission.
1902 Professor R.A. Reiss, professor at the University of Lausanne,
Switzerland, and a pupil of Bertillon, set up one of the first
academic curricula in forensic science. His forensic photography
department grew into Lausanne Institute of Police Science.
1903 The New York State Prison system began the first systematic use
of fingerprints in United States for criminal identification.
, 1903 At Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas, Will West, a new
inmate, was initially confused with a resident convict William
West using anthropometry. They were later (1905) found to be
easily differentiated by their fingerprints.
1904 Oskar and Rudolf Adler developed a presumptive test for
blood based on benzidine, a new chemical developed by Merk.
1905 American President Theodore Roosevelt established Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
1910 Victor Balthazard, professor of forensic medicine at the
Sorbonne, with Marcelle Lambert, published the first
comprehensive hair study, Le poil de l'homme et des animaux. In
one of the first cases involving hairs, Rosella Rousseau was
convinced to confess to murder of Germaine Bichon. Balthazard
also used photographic enlargements of bullets and cartridge
cases to determining weapon type and was among the first to
attempt to individualize a bullet to a weapon.
1910 Edmund Locard, successor to Lacassagne as professor of
forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, established
the first police crime laboratory.
1910 Albert S. Osborne, an American and arguably the most
influential document examiner, published Questioned
Documents.
1912 Massaeo Takayama developed another microscopic crystal test
for hemoglobin using hemochromogen crystals.
1913 Victor Balthazard, professor of forensic medicine at the
Sorbonne, published the first article on individualizing bullet
markings.
1915 Leone Lattes, professor at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in
Turin Italy, developed the first antibody test for ABO blood
groups. He first used the test in casework to resolve a marital
dispute. He published L’Individualità del sangue nella biologia,
nella clinica, nella medicina, legale, the first book dealing not
only with clinical issues, but heritability, paternity, and typing of
dried stains.
1915 International Association for Criminal Identification, (to become
The Internation Association of Identification (IAI)), was
organized in Oakland, California.
1916 Albert Schneider of Berkeley, California first used a vacuum
apparatus to collect trace evidence.
1918 Edmond Locard first suggested 12 matching points as a
positive fingerprint identification.
1904 Locard published L'enquete criminelle et les methodes
scientifique, in which appears a passage that may have given
rise to the forensic precept that “Every contact leaves a trace.”
1920 Charles E. Waite was the first to catalog manufacturing data
about weapons.
1920 Georg Popp pioneered the use of botanical identification in
s forensic work.
1920 Luke May, one of the first American criminalists, pioneered
