StraighterLine A&P Midterm Review
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1. Human Cell A generalized human cell showing the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
with its organelles. Although no single cell contains all these organelles, many
cells contain a large number of them.
2. Plasma mem- Structure: lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol; proteins
brane extend across or are embedded in either surface of the lipid bilayer.
Function: functions as the outer boundary of the cell; controls the entry and exit
of substances; receptor proteins function in intercellular communication; market
molecules enable cells to recognize one another.
3. Nucleus Structure: enclosed by a nuclear envelope, a double membrane with nuclear
pores; contains chromatin (dispersed, thin strands of DNA and associated pro-
teins), which condenses to become visible mitotic chromosomes during cell
division; also contains 1 or more nucleoli, dense bodies consisting of ribosomal
RNA and proteins.
Function: is the control center of the cell; DNA within the nucleus regulates protein
(ex: enzyme) synthesis and therefore the chemical reactions of the cell.
4. Ribosome Structure: ribosomal RNA and proteins form large and small subunits; some
are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, whereas others (free ribosomes) are
distributed through the cytoplasm.
Function: Cytoplasmic organelles which serve as site of protein synthesis
, StraighterLine A&P Midterm Review
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5. Rough Endoplas- Structure: membranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes.
mic Reticulum
Function: cytoplasmic organelles which -synthesize proteins
-transports them to Golgi apparatus.
-Where proteins are produced & modified for use as integral membrane proteins
and for secretion into the extracellular space.
Additional notes:
-Cells with abundant rough E.R. synthesize large amounts of protein, which are
secreted for use outside the cell.
6. Smooth Endo- Structure: membranous tubules and flattened sacs with NO attached ribosomes.
plasmic Reticu-
lum Function: cytoplasmic organelle that -manufactures lipids (such as phospho-
lipids,cholesterol & steroid hormones) and carbohydrates; -detoxification= the
process by which enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure
& reduce their toxicity.
-stores calcium
Additional notes:
-Cells that synthesize large amounts of lipids contain dense accumulations of
smooth E.R.
, StraighterLine A&P Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f78ab
7. Lysosome Structure: membrane- bound vesicles pinched off Golgi apparatus
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
8. Golgi apparatus Structure: flattened membrane sacs, containing cisternae, stacked on each other.
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that -modifies, packages, and distributes proteins
and lipids for secretion or internal use.
Additional notes:
-proteins produced at the ribosomes attached to the rough E.R. move into the
endoplasmic reticulum; These proteins are later packaged into transport vesicles
that then move to the Golgi apparatus.
-the Golgi apparatus concentrated and in some cases, chemically modifies the
proteins by synthesizing and attaching carbohydrate molecules to the proteins to
form glycoproteins or by attaching lipids to proteins to form lipoproteins.
-the proteins are then packaged into vesicles that pinch off from the margins of
the Golgi apparatus and are distributed to various locations.
-some vesicles carry proteins to the plasma membrane, where the proteins are
secreted from the cell by exocytosis;
Other vesicles contain proteins that become part of the plasma membrane;
And still other vesicles contain enzymes that are used within the cell.
, StraighterLine A&P Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f78ab
9. Peroxisomes Structure: membrane-bound vesicle that are smaller than lysosomes.
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that serves as
-break down fatty acids (lipids) and amino acids
-contain the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and
oxygen thereby eliminating the toxic substance.
Additional notes:
-Cells that are active in detoxification, such as liver and kidney cells, have many
peroxisomes.
10. Proteasomes Structure: large tubelike protein complexes containing enzymes in the cytoplasm.
Not surrounded by membranes but instead are a collection of specific proteins
forming barrel-like structures.
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that -breaks down and recycle other proteins
within the cell.
-the inner surfaces of the barrel have enzymatic regions that break down the
proteins.
-other proteins at the ends of the barrel regulate which proteins are taken in for
breakdown and recycling.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f78ab
1. Human Cell A generalized human cell showing the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
with its organelles. Although no single cell contains all these organelles, many
cells contain a large number of them.
2. Plasma mem- Structure: lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol; proteins
brane extend across or are embedded in either surface of the lipid bilayer.
Function: functions as the outer boundary of the cell; controls the entry and exit
of substances; receptor proteins function in intercellular communication; market
molecules enable cells to recognize one another.
3. Nucleus Structure: enclosed by a nuclear envelope, a double membrane with nuclear
pores; contains chromatin (dispersed, thin strands of DNA and associated pro-
teins), which condenses to become visible mitotic chromosomes during cell
division; also contains 1 or more nucleoli, dense bodies consisting of ribosomal
RNA and proteins.
Function: is the control center of the cell; DNA within the nucleus regulates protein
(ex: enzyme) synthesis and therefore the chemical reactions of the cell.
4. Ribosome Structure: ribosomal RNA and proteins form large and small subunits; some
are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, whereas others (free ribosomes) are
distributed through the cytoplasm.
Function: Cytoplasmic organelles which serve as site of protein synthesis
, StraighterLine A&P Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f78ab
5. Rough Endoplas- Structure: membranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes.
mic Reticulum
Function: cytoplasmic organelles which -synthesize proteins
-transports them to Golgi apparatus.
-Where proteins are produced & modified for use as integral membrane proteins
and for secretion into the extracellular space.
Additional notes:
-Cells with abundant rough E.R. synthesize large amounts of protein, which are
secreted for use outside the cell.
6. Smooth Endo- Structure: membranous tubules and flattened sacs with NO attached ribosomes.
plasmic Reticu-
lum Function: cytoplasmic organelle that -manufactures lipids (such as phospho-
lipids,cholesterol & steroid hormones) and carbohydrates; -detoxification= the
process by which enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure
& reduce their toxicity.
-stores calcium
Additional notes:
-Cells that synthesize large amounts of lipids contain dense accumulations of
smooth E.R.
, StraighterLine A&P Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f78ab
7. Lysosome Structure: membrane- bound vesicles pinched off Golgi apparatus
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
8. Golgi apparatus Structure: flattened membrane sacs, containing cisternae, stacked on each other.
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that -modifies, packages, and distributes proteins
and lipids for secretion or internal use.
Additional notes:
-proteins produced at the ribosomes attached to the rough E.R. move into the
endoplasmic reticulum; These proteins are later packaged into transport vesicles
that then move to the Golgi apparatus.
-the Golgi apparatus concentrated and in some cases, chemically modifies the
proteins by synthesizing and attaching carbohydrate molecules to the proteins to
form glycoproteins or by attaching lipids to proteins to form lipoproteins.
-the proteins are then packaged into vesicles that pinch off from the margins of
the Golgi apparatus and are distributed to various locations.
-some vesicles carry proteins to the plasma membrane, where the proteins are
secreted from the cell by exocytosis;
Other vesicles contain proteins that become part of the plasma membrane;
And still other vesicles contain enzymes that are used within the cell.
, StraighterLine A&P Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f78ab
9. Peroxisomes Structure: membrane-bound vesicle that are smaller than lysosomes.
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that serves as
-break down fatty acids (lipids) and amino acids
-contain the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and
oxygen thereby eliminating the toxic substance.
Additional notes:
-Cells that are active in detoxification, such as liver and kidney cells, have many
peroxisomes.
10. Proteasomes Structure: large tubelike protein complexes containing enzymes in the cytoplasm.
Not surrounded by membranes but instead are a collection of specific proteins
forming barrel-like structures.
Function: cytoplasmic organelle that -breaks down and recycle other proteins
within the cell.
-the inner surfaces of the barrel have enzymatic regions that break down the
proteins.
-other proteins at the ends of the barrel regulate which proteins are taken in for
breakdown and recycling.
