HES 305 Bone & Joint Physiology Questions With Complete
Solutions
Ball-and-socket joints Correct Answer Movements backward,
forward, sideways, and rotating movements
Basal state Correct Answer • Normal canalicular fluid flow •
Basal osteocyte activation and signaling
• Osteoblast- and osteoclast- recruiting signaling are suppressed
Bone matrix Correct Answer Mainly composed of collagen I,
non-collagenous proteins, and minerals
• Gives bone strength and hardness
• Helps transformation of immature cells into pre-osteoblasts
• Allows migration of bone-forming cells to sites where new
bone is needed
Bone mineral density (BMD) Correct Answer • Areal BMD:
BMC divided by the area of the scanned region (g/cm2 )
• Volumetric BMD: BMC divided by the volume of the scanned
region (g/cm 3
Bone remodeling Correct Answer bone is first resorbed by
osteoclasts and then formed in the same location by osteoblasts
Bone resorption Correct Answer the removal of minerals and
collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
Bursae Correct Answer • Enclosed space containing synovial
fluid
, • Found over bone and under muscle, tendon, ligament, fascia,
or skin
• Provide a gliding surface and a cushion for soft tissues as they
pass over skeletal prominences
Calcitonin Correct Answer • The main effect is to inhibit bone
resorption by
• inhibiting osteoclast activity
• inhibiting osteoclastogenesis (less certain)
- Reduces blood calcium levels (as opposed to PTH)
Canaliculi Correct Answer are small vessels connecting
lacunae (who contain osteocytes)
Collagen synthesis Correct Answer • Start at the membrane of
tenocytes
• Integrin is sensitive to transfer of mechanical loading from the
outside to the inside of the cell and vice versa
• MAPK induces signaling from the cytosol to the nucleus
• MAPK mediates gene expression and protein synthesis that
starts collagen production
comorbidities Correct Answer • Type-I diabetes
• Long-term use of steroids
• Kidney disease
• Rheumatologic conditions
Compact (or cortical) bone and Trabecular (or cancellous or
spongy) Correct Answer Hard outer layer of bones
• Made up of osteons
Solutions
Ball-and-socket joints Correct Answer Movements backward,
forward, sideways, and rotating movements
Basal state Correct Answer • Normal canalicular fluid flow •
Basal osteocyte activation and signaling
• Osteoblast- and osteoclast- recruiting signaling are suppressed
Bone matrix Correct Answer Mainly composed of collagen I,
non-collagenous proteins, and minerals
• Gives bone strength and hardness
• Helps transformation of immature cells into pre-osteoblasts
• Allows migration of bone-forming cells to sites where new
bone is needed
Bone mineral density (BMD) Correct Answer • Areal BMD:
BMC divided by the area of the scanned region (g/cm2 )
• Volumetric BMD: BMC divided by the volume of the scanned
region (g/cm 3
Bone remodeling Correct Answer bone is first resorbed by
osteoclasts and then formed in the same location by osteoblasts
Bone resorption Correct Answer the removal of minerals and
collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
Bursae Correct Answer • Enclosed space containing synovial
fluid
, • Found over bone and under muscle, tendon, ligament, fascia,
or skin
• Provide a gliding surface and a cushion for soft tissues as they
pass over skeletal prominences
Calcitonin Correct Answer • The main effect is to inhibit bone
resorption by
• inhibiting osteoclast activity
• inhibiting osteoclastogenesis (less certain)
- Reduces blood calcium levels (as opposed to PTH)
Canaliculi Correct Answer are small vessels connecting
lacunae (who contain osteocytes)
Collagen synthesis Correct Answer • Start at the membrane of
tenocytes
• Integrin is sensitive to transfer of mechanical loading from the
outside to the inside of the cell and vice versa
• MAPK induces signaling from the cytosol to the nucleus
• MAPK mediates gene expression and protein synthesis that
starts collagen production
comorbidities Correct Answer • Type-I diabetes
• Long-term use of steroids
• Kidney disease
• Rheumatologic conditions
Compact (or cortical) bone and Trabecular (or cancellous or
spongy) Correct Answer Hard outer layer of bones
• Made up of osteons
