2024-2025 NSG 532 Exam 2 |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
100% CORRECT GRADED A+ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
ANSWERS NEWEST EXAM WITH |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
CORRECT ANSWERS |||\\\
What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Primary Endocrine Glands |||\\\ |||\\\
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? - correct answer✔✔Control functions of other
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
systems in the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
How is the endocrine system controlled? - correct answer✔✔By nerve impulses,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
neurotransmitters, and the hormones produced by itself |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication - correct answer✔✔1. Starts
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
w/stimulation -- usually a change in internal/external environment |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
5. Ligand binds to receptor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
6. Creates a signal transduction
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? - correct answer✔✔Homeostatic changes in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
biomolecules and minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? - correct answer✔✔Endocrine
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
--closed--release hormones into the bloodstream
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the main endocrine glands? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is a defining feature of all these glands? - correct answer✔✔Hypothalamus
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Pituitary Gland |||\\\
Pineal Gland |||\\\ |||\\\
They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Thyroid
,Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is an example of a mixed gland? - correct answer✔✔Pancreas
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe neuroendocrine cells - correct answer✔✔Relay information between the endocrine
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
system and the nervous system |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the three classes of hormones? - correct answer✔✔Peptide/Protein Hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Amine Hormones |||\\\
Steroid Hormones |||\\\
Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones - correct answer✔✔A
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stimulus interacts with a hormonal gene |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The Pre-Prohormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the RER to become a Pro-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Hormone
The Pro-Hormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the Golgi to become an Active
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Hormone
Active hormones are taken by secretory vesicles and transported to the cell membrane
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
They are exocytosed into the bloodstream to reach their targets
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones - correct answer✔✔Polar, hydroPHILIC,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and lipid INSOLUBLE
|||\\\ |||\\\
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
100% CORRECT GRADED A+ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
ANSWERS NEWEST EXAM WITH |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
CORRECT ANSWERS |||\\\
What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Primary Endocrine Glands |||\\\ |||\\\
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? - correct answer✔✔Control functions of other
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
systems in the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
How is the endocrine system controlled? - correct answer✔✔By nerve impulses,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
neurotransmitters, and the hormones produced by itself |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication - correct answer✔✔1. Starts
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
w/stimulation -- usually a change in internal/external environment |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
5. Ligand binds to receptor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
6. Creates a signal transduction
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? - correct answer✔✔Homeostatic changes in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
biomolecules and minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? - correct answer✔✔Endocrine
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
--closed--release hormones into the bloodstream
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the main endocrine glands? |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is a defining feature of all these glands? - correct answer✔✔Hypothalamus
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Pituitary Gland |||\\\
Pineal Gland |||\\\ |||\\\
They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? - correct
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answer✔✔Thyroid
,Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is an example of a mixed gland? - correct answer✔✔Pancreas
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe neuroendocrine cells - correct answer✔✔Relay information between the endocrine
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
system and the nervous system |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the three classes of hormones? - correct answer✔✔Peptide/Protein Hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Amine Hormones |||\\\
Steroid Hormones |||\\\
Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones - correct answer✔✔A
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stimulus interacts with a hormonal gene |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The Pre-Prohormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the RER to become a Pro-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Hormone
The Pro-Hormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the Golgi to become an Active
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Hormone
Active hormones are taken by secretory vesicles and transported to the cell membrane
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
They are exocytosed into the bloodstream to reach their targets
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones - correct answer✔✔Polar, hydroPHILIC,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and lipid INSOLUBLE
|||\\\ |||\\\
