, Table of Contents t t
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis ................................................... 1
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts and Principles ......................................................................................................... 5
t t t t t
Chapter 3: Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors ...................................................................................... 9
t t t t t t
Chapter 4: Measuring Behavior ........................................................................................................................... 11
t t t
Chapter 5: Improving and Assessing the Quality of Behavioral Measurement ...................................... 14
t t t t t t t t t
Chapter 6: Constructing and Interpreting Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data ................................... 16
t t t t t t t t t
Chapter 7: Analyzing Behavior Change: Basic Assumptions and Strategies ............................................ 19
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 8: Reversal and Multielement Designs ............................................................................................... 22
t t t t t
Chapter 9: Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs ................................................................... 25
t t t t t t t
Chapter 10: Planning and Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research ............................................ 28
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 11: Positive Reinforcement .................................................................................................................... 33
t t t
Chapter 12: Negative Reinforcement ................................................................................................................... 37
t t t
Chapter 13: Schedules of Reinforcement ........................................................................................................... 40
t t t t
Chapter 14: Positive Reinforcement .................................................................................................................... 44
t t t
Chapter 15: Negative Punishment ........................................................................................................................ 47
t t t
Chapter 16: Motivating Operations ...................................................................................................................... 51
t t t
Chapter 17: Stimulus Control .............................................................................................................................. 55
t t t
Chapter 18: Verbal Behavior ............................................................................................................................... 58
t t t
Chapter 19: Equivalence-Based Instruction ......................................................................................................... 63
t t t
Chapter 20: Engineering Emergent Learning with Nonequivalence Relations ........................................... 66
t t t t t t t
Chapter 21: Modeling, Imitation, and Observational Learning ..................................................................... 70
t t t t t t
Chapter 22: Shaping ............................................................................................................................................... 72
t t
Chapter 23: Chaining ............................................................................................................................................. 76
t t
Chapter 24: Extinction ........................................................................................................................................... 79
t t
Chapter 25: Differential Reinforcement ............................................................................................................... 83
t t t
Chapter 26: Antecedent Interventions ................................................................................................................. 86
t t t
Chapter 27: Functional Behavior Assessment .................................................................................................... 92
t t t t
Chapter 28: Token Economy, Group Contingencies, and Contingency Contracting ............................... 97
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 29: Self-Management ............................................................................................................................. 100
t t
Chapter 30: Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change .......................................................... 104
t t t t t t t
Chapter 31: Ethical and Professional Responsibilities of Applied Behavior Analysts........................... 108
t t t t t t t t t
, Test Questions and Answer Keys
t t t t
Chapter 1 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 112
t t t
Chapter 2 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 1155
t t t
Chapter 3 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 119
t t t
Chapter 4 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 123
t t t
Chapter 5 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 127
t t t
Chapter 6 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 131
t t t
Chapter 7 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 137
t t t
Chapter 8 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 1422
t t t
Chapter 9 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 147
t t t
Chapter 10 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 150
t t t
Chapter 11 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 153
t t t
Chapter 12 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 158
t t t
Chapter 13 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 160
t t t
Chapter 14 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 164
t t t
Chapter 15 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 167
t t t
Chapter 16 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 171
t t t
Chapter 17 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 174
t t t
Chapter 18 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 177
t t t
Chapter 19 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 181
t t t
Chapter 20 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 186
t t t
Chapter 21 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 190
t t t
Chapter 22 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 193
t t t
Chapter 23 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 197
t t t
Chapter 24 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 201
t t t
Chapter 25 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 205
t t t
Chapter 26 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 209
t t t
Chapter 27 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 212
t t t
Chapter 28 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 220
t t t
Chapter 29 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 223
t t t
Chapter 30 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 226
t t t
Chapter 31 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 229
t t t
ANSWER KEYS ................................................................................................................................................. 233
t
, Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied t t t t t t
Behavior
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis t t t t t t t t
Chapter Summary t
The word ―science‖ is often used as a noun, conflated with its products—as in ―What does
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tscience tell us?‖—but those products are outcomes of the behavior of large numbers of inquisitive
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tindividuals who engage in a systematic approach for seeking and organizing information about the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tnatural world. Science really has one overall goal: to achieve a thorough understanding of the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tphenomena under study, which, in the field of applied behavior analysis, is socially important
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tbehavior that is meaningfully associated with an individual‘s quality of life.
t t t t t t t t t t
Different types of scientific investigation yield different degrees of understanding that represent
t t t t t t t t t t t
tprogressively greater ability to influence given phenomena. Description refers to a scientist collecting
t t t t t t t t t t t t
t facts about entities or events, which can raise interesting questions and establish hypotheses for
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t further study. t
Prediction is the outcome of more systematic observation when a scientist finds that two events
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
toften covary; when correlations are demonstrated in this manner, the probability of one event
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
toccurring can be more confidently predicted given the presence of the other event, although at
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t this level the scientist cannot refer to the relationship between the two events as a causal one.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tWhen a scientist actually manipulates events, however, and shows that a change they make in one
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tevent (an ―independent variable‖) repeatedly results in some change in a second event (a target or
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t―dependent variable‖)—and when they have accounted for and reduced the likelihood that some t t t t t t t t t t t t
tother variable is responsible for that change— when, in other words, they have demonstrated a
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tfunctional relationship between these variables, they have achieved experimental control of the
t t t t t t t t t t t
tphenomena being studied. Behavior analysts consider control to be the most desirable level of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tunderstanding because functional relations are the potential basis for developing applied techniques for t t t t t t t t t t t t
tbehavior change. In this respect, behavior analysis is characterized by pragmatism, the philosophical
t t t t t t t t t t t t
tposition that the ―truth‖ of scientific findings is to be judged by the extent to which they lead to
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
teffective action. t
The pursuit of scientific understanding of natural phenomena—including behavior—is characterized by
t t t t t t t t t t
tan overriding set of assumptions and values: determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication,
t t t t t t t t t t
tparsimony, and philosophic doubt. Determinism—the notion that the universe is a lawful and orderly
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tplace in which all events occur as the result of other events—is the assumption upon which
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tscientific endeavors are predicated. Indeed, if events were not determined in a reasonably orderly
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tfashion—if phenomena randomly occurred simply as a matter of chance—then there would be no t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tbasis for viable technologies of behavior change. The development of useful behavior change
t t t t t t t t t t t t
ttechniques, in other words, rests on the belief that all behavior is the result of specifiable conditions
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tand that these conditions, once identified, can be managed in a way that will influence the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tfuture probability of behavior. Other qualities that guide success in science include thoroughness,
t t t t t t t t t t t t
tcuriosity, perseverance, diligence, ethics, and honesty. t t t t t
John B. Watson—one of the first and best known individuals to identify as a ―behaviorist‖ early in
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t the 20th century—departed from psychology‘s focus at the time on introspection and mental
t t t t t t t t t t t t
t processes, and suggested that human behavior could be studied using the observational tactics of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t natural science. His behaviorism, which came to be known as S-R psychology—and also came to be
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t known for fantastic claims—could not account for apparently ―spontaneous‖ acts: for behavior, in
t t t t t t t t t t t t
t other words, that lacked obvious antecedents. Numerous efforts to fill these explanatory gaps once
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t again elevated mental states and constructs to causal status with respect to human behavior.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
B. F. Skinner, in contrast, remained focused on environmental events and eventually showed, through
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
twhat he called the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), that much behavior is changed and
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tmaintained by the consequences it produces. Thus Skinner identified operant behavior and elaborated
t t t t t t t t t t t t
tWatson‘s formulation with a new paradigm called the three-term contingency (S-R-S), a model that
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tremains the fundamental unit of study and focus of practice in the four domains of modern behavior
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
1
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis ................................................... 1
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts and Principles ......................................................................................................... 5
t t t t t
Chapter 3: Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors ...................................................................................... 9
t t t t t t
Chapter 4: Measuring Behavior ........................................................................................................................... 11
t t t
Chapter 5: Improving and Assessing the Quality of Behavioral Measurement ...................................... 14
t t t t t t t t t
Chapter 6: Constructing and Interpreting Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data ................................... 16
t t t t t t t t t
Chapter 7: Analyzing Behavior Change: Basic Assumptions and Strategies ............................................ 19
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 8: Reversal and Multielement Designs ............................................................................................... 22
t t t t t
Chapter 9: Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs ................................................................... 25
t t t t t t t
Chapter 10: Planning and Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research ............................................ 28
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 11: Positive Reinforcement .................................................................................................................... 33
t t t
Chapter 12: Negative Reinforcement ................................................................................................................... 37
t t t
Chapter 13: Schedules of Reinforcement ........................................................................................................... 40
t t t t
Chapter 14: Positive Reinforcement .................................................................................................................... 44
t t t
Chapter 15: Negative Punishment ........................................................................................................................ 47
t t t
Chapter 16: Motivating Operations ...................................................................................................................... 51
t t t
Chapter 17: Stimulus Control .............................................................................................................................. 55
t t t
Chapter 18: Verbal Behavior ............................................................................................................................... 58
t t t
Chapter 19: Equivalence-Based Instruction ......................................................................................................... 63
t t t
Chapter 20: Engineering Emergent Learning with Nonequivalence Relations ........................................... 66
t t t t t t t
Chapter 21: Modeling, Imitation, and Observational Learning ..................................................................... 70
t t t t t t
Chapter 22: Shaping ............................................................................................................................................... 72
t t
Chapter 23: Chaining ............................................................................................................................................. 76
t t
Chapter 24: Extinction ........................................................................................................................................... 79
t t
Chapter 25: Differential Reinforcement ............................................................................................................... 83
t t t
Chapter 26: Antecedent Interventions ................................................................................................................. 86
t t t
Chapter 27: Functional Behavior Assessment .................................................................................................... 92
t t t t
Chapter 28: Token Economy, Group Contingencies, and Contingency Contracting ............................... 97
t t t t t t t t
Chapter 29: Self-Management ............................................................................................................................. 100
t t
Chapter 30: Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change .......................................................... 104
t t t t t t t
Chapter 31: Ethical and Professional Responsibilities of Applied Behavior Analysts........................... 108
t t t t t t t t t
, Test Questions and Answer Keys
t t t t
Chapter 1 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 112
t t t
Chapter 2 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 1155
t t t
Chapter 3 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 119
t t t
Chapter 4 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 123
t t t
Chapter 5 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 127
t t t
Chapter 6 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 131
t t t
Chapter 7 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 137
t t t
Chapter 8 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 1422
t t t
Chapter 9 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................... 147
t t t
Chapter 10 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 150
t t t
Chapter 11 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 153
t t t
Chapter 12 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 158
t t t
Chapter 13 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 160
t t t
Chapter 14 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 164
t t t
Chapter 15 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 167
t t t
Chapter 16 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 171
t t t
Chapter 17 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 174
t t t
Chapter 18 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 177
t t t
Chapter 19 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 181
t t t
Chapter 20 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 186
t t t
Chapter 21 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 190
t t t
Chapter 22 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 193
t t t
Chapter 23 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 197
t t t
Chapter 24 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 201
t t t
Chapter 25 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 205
t t t
Chapter 26 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 209
t t t
Chapter 27 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 212
t t t
Chapter 28 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 220
t t t
Chapter 29 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 223
t t t
Chapter 30 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 226
t t t
Chapter 31 Test Questions ............................................................................................................................. 229
t t t
ANSWER KEYS ................................................................................................................................................. 233
t
, Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied t t t t t t
Behavior
Chapter 1: Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis t t t t t t t t
Chapter Summary t
The word ―science‖ is often used as a noun, conflated with its products—as in ―What does
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tscience tell us?‖—but those products are outcomes of the behavior of large numbers of inquisitive
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tindividuals who engage in a systematic approach for seeking and organizing information about the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tnatural world. Science really has one overall goal: to achieve a thorough understanding of the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tphenomena under study, which, in the field of applied behavior analysis, is socially important
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tbehavior that is meaningfully associated with an individual‘s quality of life.
t t t t t t t t t t
Different types of scientific investigation yield different degrees of understanding that represent
t t t t t t t t t t t
tprogressively greater ability to influence given phenomena. Description refers to a scientist collecting
t t t t t t t t t t t t
t facts about entities or events, which can raise interesting questions and establish hypotheses for
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t further study. t
Prediction is the outcome of more systematic observation when a scientist finds that two events
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
toften covary; when correlations are demonstrated in this manner, the probability of one event
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
toccurring can be more confidently predicted given the presence of the other event, although at
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t this level the scientist cannot refer to the relationship between the two events as a causal one.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tWhen a scientist actually manipulates events, however, and shows that a change they make in one
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tevent (an ―independent variable‖) repeatedly results in some change in a second event (a target or
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t―dependent variable‖)—and when they have accounted for and reduced the likelihood that some t t t t t t t t t t t t
tother variable is responsible for that change— when, in other words, they have demonstrated a
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tfunctional relationship between these variables, they have achieved experimental control of the
t t t t t t t t t t t
tphenomena being studied. Behavior analysts consider control to be the most desirable level of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tunderstanding because functional relations are the potential basis for developing applied techniques for t t t t t t t t t t t t
tbehavior change. In this respect, behavior analysis is characterized by pragmatism, the philosophical
t t t t t t t t t t t t
tposition that the ―truth‖ of scientific findings is to be judged by the extent to which they lead to
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
teffective action. t
The pursuit of scientific understanding of natural phenomena—including behavior—is characterized by
t t t t t t t t t t
tan overriding set of assumptions and values: determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication,
t t t t t t t t t t
tparsimony, and philosophic doubt. Determinism—the notion that the universe is a lawful and orderly
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tplace in which all events occur as the result of other events—is the assumption upon which
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tscientific endeavors are predicated. Indeed, if events were not determined in a reasonably orderly
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tfashion—if phenomena randomly occurred simply as a matter of chance—then there would be no t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tbasis for viable technologies of behavior change. The development of useful behavior change
t t t t t t t t t t t t
ttechniques, in other words, rests on the belief that all behavior is the result of specifiable conditions
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tand that these conditions, once identified, can be managed in a way that will influence the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tfuture probability of behavior. Other qualities that guide success in science include thoroughness,
t t t t t t t t t t t t
tcuriosity, perseverance, diligence, ethics, and honesty. t t t t t
John B. Watson—one of the first and best known individuals to identify as a ―behaviorist‖ early in
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t the 20th century—departed from psychology‘s focus at the time on introspection and mental
t t t t t t t t t t t t
t processes, and suggested that human behavior could be studied using the observational tactics of
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t natural science. His behaviorism, which came to be known as S-R psychology—and also came to be
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t known for fantastic claims—could not account for apparently ―spontaneous‖ acts: for behavior, in
t t t t t t t t t t t t
t other words, that lacked obvious antecedents. Numerous efforts to fill these explanatory gaps once
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t again elevated mental states and constructs to causal status with respect to human behavior.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
B. F. Skinner, in contrast, remained focused on environmental events and eventually showed, through
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
twhat he called the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), that much behavior is changed and
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tmaintained by the consequences it produces. Thus Skinner identified operant behavior and elaborated
t t t t t t t t t t t t
tWatson‘s formulation with a new paradigm called the three-term contingency (S-R-S), a model that
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tremains the fundamental unit of study and focus of practice in the four domains of modern behavior
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
1
