SLP PRAXIS COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS -WELL COMPILED
EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS
THEORIES OF LANG SECTION (pg. 113-122)
THEORIES OF LANG SECTION- confirmed
Behaviorist theory lang acquistion
Skinner
-Focus on verbal behavior not all language; innateness can't be observed
-Verbal behavior is taught with stimulation, response and reinforcement
-This behavioral response is to events in environment and social interactions
-Relies on classical and operant conditioning
-Verbal behavior broken down into cause-effect (functional units)
-Tx: Language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the
stimuli, response and reinforcement
Behaviorist functional units
Mands - requests (from command~demand), due to a physiological need
Tacts - verbal response to objects, things, or events around us reinforced socially
Echoics - imitative, other person's speech is stimulus
Autoclitics - secondary; comment or clarify
Intraverbals - secondary; stimulus is person's own previous verbalizations, account for
fluent speech
,Classical conditioning
Involves unconditioned and conditioned stimuli
Operant conditioning
Learning occuring through rewards and punishments (consequences)
Reinforcement schedules
Continuous - every performance
Intermittant - after ratios/intervals
Fixed - set time or responses
Variable - unpredictable time or responses
Interval - based on time
Ratio - based on number responses
Compound - combination 2 or more using same reinforcer
Resistance to extinction: variable ratio schedule
Nativist theory lang acquistion
Chomsky
-Also called Innateness; also called Transformational Generative Theory of Grammar;
Chomsky called it Minimalist Program
-Child born with LAD (lang acquisition device)-Helps child learn language over time
-Language is NOT learned through environment, teaching, or reinforcement
-'Competence (knowledge)' and 'performance' distinctions
,-'Surface (arrangement of words)' and 'deep (rules)' structure
-'Transformations' related surface to deep; involve arranging/rearranging to change
sentences
-All human languages share common principles (all have nouns, verbs, etc)
-Critical time period which requires exposure for lg acq (ends around 12yrs); doesn't
believe in reinforcement due to LAD
-In therapy focus heavily on syntax
Cognitive theory lang acquistion
Piaget
Also called Cognitive Constructionism
-Children must first actively construct their own understanding of world through
interactions with environment
-Child must acquire concepts before the language; i.e., cognitive development precedes
language
-Ex: child grasps cog concept of size, then words for big, little
-Language development reflects logic/reasoning development in his 4 stages
Piaget stages
Cognitive theorist proposed 4 stages overlapping development:
-Sensorimotor (infant)
-Preoperational (toddler, early childhood)
-Concrete operations (elementary)
-Formal operations (adolescent)
, Sensorimotor Piaget Stage
0-2 years
-Explore world via sensory and motor contact
-Object permanence and separation anxiety develop
-Egocentric
Divided into 6 substages
Sensorimotor substage 1
Birth - 2 months
-Reflexive vocal behavior
-Reflexive sensorimotor behavior
Sensorimotor substage 2
2-4 months
-Coordinated hand-eye movements
-Coordinated hand-mouth movements
Sensorimotor substage 3
4-8 months (objects, babble)
-Acts on objects, searches for objects
-Imitates some sounds, babbles
EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS
THEORIES OF LANG SECTION (pg. 113-122)
THEORIES OF LANG SECTION- confirmed
Behaviorist theory lang acquistion
Skinner
-Focus on verbal behavior not all language; innateness can't be observed
-Verbal behavior is taught with stimulation, response and reinforcement
-This behavioral response is to events in environment and social interactions
-Relies on classical and operant conditioning
-Verbal behavior broken down into cause-effect (functional units)
-Tx: Language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the
stimuli, response and reinforcement
Behaviorist functional units
Mands - requests (from command~demand), due to a physiological need
Tacts - verbal response to objects, things, or events around us reinforced socially
Echoics - imitative, other person's speech is stimulus
Autoclitics - secondary; comment or clarify
Intraverbals - secondary; stimulus is person's own previous verbalizations, account for
fluent speech
,Classical conditioning
Involves unconditioned and conditioned stimuli
Operant conditioning
Learning occuring through rewards and punishments (consequences)
Reinforcement schedules
Continuous - every performance
Intermittant - after ratios/intervals
Fixed - set time or responses
Variable - unpredictable time or responses
Interval - based on time
Ratio - based on number responses
Compound - combination 2 or more using same reinforcer
Resistance to extinction: variable ratio schedule
Nativist theory lang acquistion
Chomsky
-Also called Innateness; also called Transformational Generative Theory of Grammar;
Chomsky called it Minimalist Program
-Child born with LAD (lang acquisition device)-Helps child learn language over time
-Language is NOT learned through environment, teaching, or reinforcement
-'Competence (knowledge)' and 'performance' distinctions
,-'Surface (arrangement of words)' and 'deep (rules)' structure
-'Transformations' related surface to deep; involve arranging/rearranging to change
sentences
-All human languages share common principles (all have nouns, verbs, etc)
-Critical time period which requires exposure for lg acq (ends around 12yrs); doesn't
believe in reinforcement due to LAD
-In therapy focus heavily on syntax
Cognitive theory lang acquistion
Piaget
Also called Cognitive Constructionism
-Children must first actively construct their own understanding of world through
interactions with environment
-Child must acquire concepts before the language; i.e., cognitive development precedes
language
-Ex: child grasps cog concept of size, then words for big, little
-Language development reflects logic/reasoning development in his 4 stages
Piaget stages
Cognitive theorist proposed 4 stages overlapping development:
-Sensorimotor (infant)
-Preoperational (toddler, early childhood)
-Concrete operations (elementary)
-Formal operations (adolescent)
, Sensorimotor Piaget Stage
0-2 years
-Explore world via sensory and motor contact
-Object permanence and separation anxiety develop
-Egocentric
Divided into 6 substages
Sensorimotor substage 1
Birth - 2 months
-Reflexive vocal behavior
-Reflexive sensorimotor behavior
Sensorimotor substage 2
2-4 months
-Coordinated hand-eye movements
-Coordinated hand-mouth movements
Sensorimotor substage 3
4-8 months (objects, babble)
-Acts on objects, searches for objects
-Imitates some sounds, babbles
