WGU D236 Pathophysiology Test Questions and
Answers Rated A+
Homeostasis - -process by which
organisms maintain a relatively stable internal An isotonic solution - -0.09% normal saline
environment
Interferons (IFNs) - -type of cytokine that
Intracellular Fluid - -fluid inside of the cell, signals cells to increase anti-viral defenses.
2/3 of body weight - are released by cells that are infected with a
- mainly in muscle cells virus, causing other cells to become resistant to
the virus
- play a role in tumor suppression
Extracellular Fluid - -fluid outside of the
cell, 1/3 of bodily fluids
- blood vessels Hypervolemia - -fluid volume overload
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
Edema - -swelling of soft tissues because
of excess fluid accumulation
Diffusion - -Movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration. Causes of edema include: - --Increased
hydrostatic (water) pressure
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
Osmosis - -movement of fluid from an area - Renal Failure, Heart Failure
of lower solute concentration to a higher - Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
concentration - low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
Filtration - -water and solute movement - obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or
occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pressure infection)
to an area of low hydrostatic pressure
Symptoms of edema include: - -- weight
Osmolality - -the number of osmotically gain
active particles per kg of water - hypertension
- jugular vein distention
- ALOC (altered level of consciousness)
Hypertonic - -osmolality greater than 300. - weakness
- increased urine output / or decreased in
patients with renal failure
- Rapid RR (resp rate)
Hypotonic - -osmolality less than 300.
- shallow RR
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluid in lungs
- fluids pulled from body into cell
- diarrhea, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), ascites
- low lab values
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Test Questions and
Answers Rated A+
- rapid and deep RR
- high lab values
Hypovolemia - -fluid volume deficit
Fluid Imbalance - -when fluids are gained
Symptoms of hypovolemia include: - -- and lost via the organs such as; the kidneys,
vomiting skin, lungs, and g.i. tract
- diarrhea
- hot body & sweating
- fever How are fluids lost in the g.i. tract? - -
- heat stroke diarrhea and fistulas
- thyroid crisis
- urination
How are fluids lost via the kidneys? - -high
urine output of 1-2 liters per hour
diabetes insipidus (DI) - -insufficient
secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Normal amount of urine output - -400-600
mL / 6 hours
Diabetes Ketoacidosis (DKA) - --primary
complication of type 1 diabetes
-the body produces excess ketones into the How are fluids lost via the skin? - -in
blood diaphoresis (excessive sweating), sodium,
-also referred to as diabetic acidosis or diabetic chloride, and potassium loss increase during
coma fever
Diuretics - -medications that reduce fluid How are fluids lost via the lungs? - -when
volume in the body increased RR or dry climate occurs
- increase urine output
Fluid Imbalance risk factors in elderly: - --
Name two diuretics - -furosemide, fluid overload can lead to heart failure and renal
Hydrochlorothiazide failure
-dehydration
Symptoms of 3 D's include: - -- weight loss
- water loss factors that influence fluid balance: - -
- low BP muscle, body fat, gender
- decreased CVP (central venous pressure)
- lethargy to coma
- weakness Hypocalcemia - -deficient calcium in the
- sunken eyes blood
- dry skin
, WGU D236 Pathophysiology Test Questions and
Answers Rated A+
What is HCO3- - -Bicarbonate
Define mmanifestations - -signs and
symptoms Is bicarbonate an acid or a base? - -base
Manifestations of Hypocalcemia - - What is CO2? - -carbon dioxide
trousseau's sign, and Chvostek Sign
is CO2 an acid or a base? - -acid
Trousseau's sign - -A sign of
hypocalcemia. Carpal spasm caused by inflating
a blood pressure cuff above the client's systolic What is H+ - -hydrogen ion
pressure and leaving it in place for 3 minutes.
Is H+ an acid or a base? - -acid
Chvostek's sign - -Hypocalcemia (facial
muscle spasm upon tapping)
Which organ controls CO2? - -lungs
(exhale it out)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) -
-Hormonal system regulating blood
pressure and fluid balance. How is a patient's resp rate and CO2 during
Hyperventilation? - -High Resp Rate / Low
CO2
Describe the RAAS System - -1. BP drops
2. Kidneys release Renin
3. Renin splits angiotensin into angiotensin 1 When a patient is intox, overdose, or a head
4. ACE in the lungs converts Angiotensin 1 into
injury how is their resp rate and CO2? - -
angiotensin 2
Low resp rate / high CO2
5. Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction, sodium,
and water reabsorption
6. Adrenal Cortex releases aldosterone, retaining
sodium Which organ controls H+ and HCO3? - -
7. The pituitary gland releases ADH, increasing Kidneys
water absorption
8. stimulated hypothalamus to increase thirst
9. BP RISES!!! What does it mean when an ABG is Fully
Compensated? - -its pH is in normal range
Blood pH range - -7.35-7.45
What is Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy? -
-A genetic form of heart disease that
occurs when the cardiac muscle becomes thin
Answers Rated A+
Homeostasis - -process by which
organisms maintain a relatively stable internal An isotonic solution - -0.09% normal saline
environment
Interferons (IFNs) - -type of cytokine that
Intracellular Fluid - -fluid inside of the cell, signals cells to increase anti-viral defenses.
2/3 of body weight - are released by cells that are infected with a
- mainly in muscle cells virus, causing other cells to become resistant to
the virus
- play a role in tumor suppression
Extracellular Fluid - -fluid outside of the
cell, 1/3 of bodily fluids
- blood vessels Hypervolemia - -fluid volume overload
- skin tissues
- spinal cord
Edema - -swelling of soft tissues because
of excess fluid accumulation
Diffusion - -Movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration. Causes of edema include: - --Increased
hydrostatic (water) pressure
- Manifestation: High BP and pitting edema
Osmosis - -movement of fluid from an area - Renal Failure, Heart Failure
of lower solute concentration to a higher - Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
concentration - low albumin
- cirrhosis, starvation
- bacteria infections/burns
Filtration - -water and solute movement - obstruction of lymphatic system (cancer or
occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pressure infection)
to an area of low hydrostatic pressure
Symptoms of edema include: - -- weight
Osmolality - -the number of osmotically gain
active particles per kg of water - hypertension
- jugular vein distention
- ALOC (altered level of consciousness)
Hypertonic - -osmolality greater than 300. - weakness
- increased urine output / or decreased in
patients with renal failure
- Rapid RR (resp rate)
Hypotonic - -osmolality less than 300.
- shallow RR
- osmotic pressure is more significant in the body
- fluid in lungs
- fluids pulled from body into cell
- diarrhea, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), ascites
- low lab values
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Test Questions and
Answers Rated A+
- rapid and deep RR
- high lab values
Hypovolemia - -fluid volume deficit
Fluid Imbalance - -when fluids are gained
Symptoms of hypovolemia include: - -- and lost via the organs such as; the kidneys,
vomiting skin, lungs, and g.i. tract
- diarrhea
- hot body & sweating
- fever How are fluids lost in the g.i. tract? - -
- heat stroke diarrhea and fistulas
- thyroid crisis
- urination
How are fluids lost via the kidneys? - -high
urine output of 1-2 liters per hour
diabetes insipidus (DI) - -insufficient
secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Normal amount of urine output - -400-600
mL / 6 hours
Diabetes Ketoacidosis (DKA) - --primary
complication of type 1 diabetes
-the body produces excess ketones into the How are fluids lost via the skin? - -in
blood diaphoresis (excessive sweating), sodium,
-also referred to as diabetic acidosis or diabetic chloride, and potassium loss increase during
coma fever
Diuretics - -medications that reduce fluid How are fluids lost via the lungs? - -when
volume in the body increased RR or dry climate occurs
- increase urine output
Fluid Imbalance risk factors in elderly: - --
Name two diuretics - -furosemide, fluid overload can lead to heart failure and renal
Hydrochlorothiazide failure
-dehydration
Symptoms of 3 D's include: - -- weight loss
- water loss factors that influence fluid balance: - -
- low BP muscle, body fat, gender
- decreased CVP (central venous pressure)
- lethargy to coma
- weakness Hypocalcemia - -deficient calcium in the
- sunken eyes blood
- dry skin
, WGU D236 Pathophysiology Test Questions and
Answers Rated A+
What is HCO3- - -Bicarbonate
Define mmanifestations - -signs and
symptoms Is bicarbonate an acid or a base? - -base
Manifestations of Hypocalcemia - - What is CO2? - -carbon dioxide
trousseau's sign, and Chvostek Sign
is CO2 an acid or a base? - -acid
Trousseau's sign - -A sign of
hypocalcemia. Carpal spasm caused by inflating
a blood pressure cuff above the client's systolic What is H+ - -hydrogen ion
pressure and leaving it in place for 3 minutes.
Is H+ an acid or a base? - -acid
Chvostek's sign - -Hypocalcemia (facial
muscle spasm upon tapping)
Which organ controls CO2? - -lungs
(exhale it out)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) -
-Hormonal system regulating blood
pressure and fluid balance. How is a patient's resp rate and CO2 during
Hyperventilation? - -High Resp Rate / Low
CO2
Describe the RAAS System - -1. BP drops
2. Kidneys release Renin
3. Renin splits angiotensin into angiotensin 1 When a patient is intox, overdose, or a head
4. ACE in the lungs converts Angiotensin 1 into
injury how is their resp rate and CO2? - -
angiotensin 2
Low resp rate / high CO2
5. Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction, sodium,
and water reabsorption
6. Adrenal Cortex releases aldosterone, retaining
sodium Which organ controls H+ and HCO3? - -
7. The pituitary gland releases ADH, increasing Kidneys
water absorption
8. stimulated hypothalamus to increase thirst
9. BP RISES!!! What does it mean when an ABG is Fully
Compensated? - -its pH is in normal range
Blood pH range - -7.35-7.45
What is Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy? -
-A genetic form of heart disease that
occurs when the cardiac muscle becomes thin
