NURSING RESEARCH
2025/2026
1. Sampling in research may be defined as:
A. Insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study.
B. Establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study.
C. Identification of the population in which the researcher is interested.
✅ D. Selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population.
➡️ Sampling involves selecting people, events, or behaviors expected to represent a larger
population.
2. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, for a researcher studying lifestyle management, are
an example of:
A. Accessible population
B. Element
C. Sample
✅ D. Target population
➡️ The target population is the entire group meeting the sampling criteria.
3. Subjects who actually participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are
described as the:
A. Accessible population
B. Element
✅ C. Sample
D. Target population
➡️ The sample represents the group selected to participate from the population.
4. Potential subjects contacted through a local Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation chapter are part of
the:
✅ A. Accessible population
B. Element
C. Sample
1
,D. Target population
➡️ The accessible population is the portion of the target group the researcher can realistically
reach.
5. The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to as the:
✅ A. Accessible population
B. Scientific population
C. Target population
D. Theoretical population
➡️ The accessible population provides the pool from which the sample is drawn.
6. In a study of liver transplant recipients, subjects must be 18 years or older and have received
one transplant. These are examples of:
A. Demographic attributes
B. Exclusion criteria
C. Extraneous variables
✅ D. Inclusion criteria
➡️ Inclusion criteria specify characteristics required for participation.
7. The adequacy of a sample is primarily based on which of the following?
A. Method chosen for sample selection
✅ B. Representativeness of the population
C. Size of the total population
D. Willingness of subjects to participate
➡️ A representative sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the population.
8. A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population is a:
A. Cluster sample
B. Purposive sample
C. Random sample
✅ D. Representative sample
➡️ Representativeness ensures findings can be generalized.
9. Sample attrition would be reflected by the:
A. Average death rate of the population under study
2
,B. Inability to access identified members
C. Number of patients who die during the study
✅ D. Number of patients who drop out of a study
➡️ Attrition refers to subjects who withdraw or are lost during research.
10. The term “comparison group” in research refers to the group of patients in a:
✅ A. Nonrandom sample who do not receive a treatment
B. Nonrandom sample who receive a treatment
C. Random sample who do not receive a treatment
D. Random sample who receive a treatment
➡️ When randomization is not used, the untreated group is called the comparison group.
11. Which method best randomly assigns subjects (n=40) into treatment (n=20) and control
(n=20) groups?
A. Ignore numbers; group subjects by diagnosis.
B. Place first 20 subjects in one group, last 20 in another.
C. Put even-numbered subjects in one group, odd-numbered in the other.
✅ D. Put numbers 1–40 in a box and blindly draw from the box.
➡️ Random assignment ensures each subject has an equal chance of group placement.
12. Which of the following is true about probability sampling?
✅ A. It can take different forms, but random selection is always used.
B. It is the most economical method for large groups.
C. It guarantees representativeness.
D. Subjects are handpicked for expertise.
➡️ Random selection defines probability sampling and reduces selection bias.
13. Another name for probability sampling is:
A. Accidental sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Quota sampling
✅ D. Random sampling
➡️ Probability sampling uses random methods to select participants.
3
, 14. The researcher uses a random numbers table to select 5 subjects from a population of 50.
Numbers:
06 84 10 22 56 72 25 70 69 43
07 63 10 34 66 39 54 02 33 85
03 19 63 93 72 52 13 30 44 40
77 32 69 58 25 15 55 38 19 62
20 01 94 54 66 88 43 91 34 28
The selected subjects will be:
A. 13, 30, 44, 40, 32
B. 19, 38, 55, 15, 25
✅ C. 19, 63, 93, 72, 52
D. 33, 02, 54, 39, 66
➡️ These are the first five valid numbers read in sequence across the table.
15. Which statement about stratified random sampling is true?
✅ A. It allows the researcher to use a smaller sample size while maintaining
representativeness.
B. It ensures obtaining a larger sample at lower cost.
C. It weakens internal validity.
D. It involves selection from a convenience sample.
➡️ Stratification divides the population into subgroups, improving precision with smaller
samples.
16. Cluster sampling is:
A. A form of nonprobability sampling used in small surveys.
✅ B. Also known as multistage sampling.
C. Unlikely to result in sampling errors.
D. Useful only in small geographical areas.
➡️ Cluster (multistage) sampling involves selecting groups or clusters rather than individuals
directly.
17. A person shopping in the mall is approached by researchers for a local food chain and asked
to answer questions. This person was selected using which sampling method?
✅ A. Convenience (accidental) sampling
B. Quota sampling
C. Systematic sampling
D. Purposive sampling
➡️ Convenience sampling involves selecting readily available participants.
4
2025/2026
1. Sampling in research may be defined as:
A. Insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study.
B. Establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study.
C. Identification of the population in which the researcher is interested.
✅ D. Selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population.
➡️ Sampling involves selecting people, events, or behaviors expected to represent a larger
population.
2. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, for a researcher studying lifestyle management, are
an example of:
A. Accessible population
B. Element
C. Sample
✅ D. Target population
➡️ The target population is the entire group meeting the sampling criteria.
3. Subjects who actually participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are
described as the:
A. Accessible population
B. Element
✅ C. Sample
D. Target population
➡️ The sample represents the group selected to participate from the population.
4. Potential subjects contacted through a local Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation chapter are part of
the:
✅ A. Accessible population
B. Element
C. Sample
1
,D. Target population
➡️ The accessible population is the portion of the target group the researcher can realistically
reach.
5. The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to as the:
✅ A. Accessible population
B. Scientific population
C. Target population
D. Theoretical population
➡️ The accessible population provides the pool from which the sample is drawn.
6. In a study of liver transplant recipients, subjects must be 18 years or older and have received
one transplant. These are examples of:
A. Demographic attributes
B. Exclusion criteria
C. Extraneous variables
✅ D. Inclusion criteria
➡️ Inclusion criteria specify characteristics required for participation.
7. The adequacy of a sample is primarily based on which of the following?
A. Method chosen for sample selection
✅ B. Representativeness of the population
C. Size of the total population
D. Willingness of subjects to participate
➡️ A representative sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the population.
8. A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population is a:
A. Cluster sample
B. Purposive sample
C. Random sample
✅ D. Representative sample
➡️ Representativeness ensures findings can be generalized.
9. Sample attrition would be reflected by the:
A. Average death rate of the population under study
2
,B. Inability to access identified members
C. Number of patients who die during the study
✅ D. Number of patients who drop out of a study
➡️ Attrition refers to subjects who withdraw or are lost during research.
10. The term “comparison group” in research refers to the group of patients in a:
✅ A. Nonrandom sample who do not receive a treatment
B. Nonrandom sample who receive a treatment
C. Random sample who do not receive a treatment
D. Random sample who receive a treatment
➡️ When randomization is not used, the untreated group is called the comparison group.
11. Which method best randomly assigns subjects (n=40) into treatment (n=20) and control
(n=20) groups?
A. Ignore numbers; group subjects by diagnosis.
B. Place first 20 subjects in one group, last 20 in another.
C. Put even-numbered subjects in one group, odd-numbered in the other.
✅ D. Put numbers 1–40 in a box and blindly draw from the box.
➡️ Random assignment ensures each subject has an equal chance of group placement.
12. Which of the following is true about probability sampling?
✅ A. It can take different forms, but random selection is always used.
B. It is the most economical method for large groups.
C. It guarantees representativeness.
D. Subjects are handpicked for expertise.
➡️ Random selection defines probability sampling and reduces selection bias.
13. Another name for probability sampling is:
A. Accidental sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Quota sampling
✅ D. Random sampling
➡️ Probability sampling uses random methods to select participants.
3
, 14. The researcher uses a random numbers table to select 5 subjects from a population of 50.
Numbers:
06 84 10 22 56 72 25 70 69 43
07 63 10 34 66 39 54 02 33 85
03 19 63 93 72 52 13 30 44 40
77 32 69 58 25 15 55 38 19 62
20 01 94 54 66 88 43 91 34 28
The selected subjects will be:
A. 13, 30, 44, 40, 32
B. 19, 38, 55, 15, 25
✅ C. 19, 63, 93, 72, 52
D. 33, 02, 54, 39, 66
➡️ These are the first five valid numbers read in sequence across the table.
15. Which statement about stratified random sampling is true?
✅ A. It allows the researcher to use a smaller sample size while maintaining
representativeness.
B. It ensures obtaining a larger sample at lower cost.
C. It weakens internal validity.
D. It involves selection from a convenience sample.
➡️ Stratification divides the population into subgroups, improving precision with smaller
samples.
16. Cluster sampling is:
A. A form of nonprobability sampling used in small surveys.
✅ B. Also known as multistage sampling.
C. Unlikely to result in sampling errors.
D. Useful only in small geographical areas.
➡️ Cluster (multistage) sampling involves selecting groups or clusters rather than individuals
directly.
17. A person shopping in the mall is approached by researchers for a local food chain and asked
to answer questions. This person was selected using which sampling method?
✅ A. Convenience (accidental) sampling
B. Quota sampling
C. Systematic sampling
D. Purposive sampling
➡️ Convenience sampling involves selecting readily available participants.
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