Bio 141 Exam 4 |186 Questions and Answers
Which is a major function of the capillaries? - -Allow the exchange of nutrients and
respiratory gases between the blood and tissue cells
-Colloid osmotic pressure is - -Pressure due to the presence of large nondiffusible
substances such as plasma proteins
-What happens to the exchange between capillaries and the interstitial fluid when blood
volume is increased? - -More fluid moves from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces
-How would increased blood pressure affect the exchange between capillaries and the
interstitial fluids? - -More fluid moves from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces
-Within the capillary: Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc) = 37 mm Hg while the Colloid Osmotic
Pressure (OPc) = 27 mm Hg
In the interstitial fluid: Hydrostatic Pressure (HPif) = 1 mm Hg while the Colloid Osmotic
Pressure (OPif) = 2 mm Hg.
What is the net hydrostatic pressure?
What is the net colloid osmotic pressure?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)?
Does fluid move into or out of the capillary?
For full credit, show all your calculations. - -Consult Focus Figure 19.1, p 733
-In most cases arteries carry oxygenated blood. Which arteries in the body are the only
arteries to carry deoxygenated blood? - -The pulmonary arteries
-The heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying the tissues with oxygen and
nutrients. What blood vessels provide the heart tissue (myocardium) itself with oxygen and
nutrients directly? - -The right and left coronary arteries
-Freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs is first received by the - -Left atrium
-The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates - -Ventricular repolarization
-Impulses through the intrinsic conduction system of the heart follow the path: - -
Sinoatrial(SA)node, Atrioventricular(AV)node, Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, bundle
branches, Purkinje fibers
-Which term below describes ventricles at their fullest volume? - -End diastolic volume
(EDV)
-Ventricular depolarization coincides in time with the - -QRS wave
, -The isovolumetric contraction phase - -Occurs during ventricular systole before the
semilunar (SL) valves open
-Which occurs first after the QRS complex occurs? - -The atrioventricular(AV)valves close
-Which statement about the intrinsic cardiac conduction system is wrong? - -Normally the
sinoatrial node depolarizes spontaneously at a rate of 50 times per minute
-The "dub" sound (or second heart sound) of the heart is caused by - -The closing of the
semilunar (SL) valves
-The semilunar (SL) valves prevent blood from flowing backwards into the - -ventricles
-Systole and diastole refer to - -Contraction of the heart muscle and relaxation of the heart
muscle
-According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, when the volume of venous return
increases - -The force of heart contraction increases
-When increased atrial filling initiates the atrial (Bainbridge) reflex, what happens to heart
rate and force of contraction? - -Increased heart rate; Increased force of contraction
-Assuming all other variables remain constant, what happens to arterial pressure when the
cardiac output increases? - -Arterial pressure decreases
-Assuming all other variables remain constant, what happens to arterial pressure when the
heart rate increases? - -Arterial pressure increases
-Which statement is wrong? - -Vascular shock can be caused by hemorrhaging and treated
with vasodilatory therapy
-Which is not associated with congestive heart failure? - -Mitral valve prolapse
-There are various short-term mechanisms controlling blood pressure. Which mechanism
is not associated with the nervous system controls? - -The renin-angiotensin mechanism
-When blood pressure drops, what occurs to increase blood pressure? - -Arterioles
vasoconstrict
-Which acts to increase blood pressure? - -Renin and angiotensin
-Which of the following is involved in long-term regulation of blood pressure? - -The
direct renal mechanism of kidney filtration
-Name these and trace their pathways through major vessels and the chambers of the
heart. Be specific.
, How are these pathways related to their different functions? - -The two circuits are the
systemic (oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood) circuit and the pulmonary (oxygen-poor, CO2-rich
blood) circuit.
The pulmonary circuit pathway is:
SVC/IVC --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> lungs -- > pulmonary
capillaries --> heart
The systemic circuit pathway is:
four pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body --> systemic
capillaries
The pulmonary and systemic circuits both bring blood to the tissues in the entire body.
-Erythropoiesis or red blood cell production - -Is stimulated after severe hemorrhaging
occurs
-Which blood type is considered the "universal donor"? This blood type has no red blood
cell agglutinogens (antibodies). - -Type O
-When could hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) possibly occur in
a pregnant Rh negative woman? - -If the child is Rh positive
-A patient is admitted to the hospital with heart failure. He complains of increasing
shortness of breath upon exertion and has only been able to sleep when his head is
elevated on three pillows. Examination reveals that his ankles and feet are very swollen. (5
extra credit points)
Which of these symptoms would reflect left-sided heart failure? Explain also why these
symptoms occur.
Which of these symptoms would reflect right-sided heart failure? Explain also why these
symptoms occur. - -The symptoms that could reflect in left-side heart failure is the
increasing shortness of breath when laying down flat. This is because the left side of the
heart is unable to pump blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Meaning that the left
side of the heart is trying to work in overtime, causing the shortness of breath when laying
flat down.
The symptoms that could reflect in the right-side heart failure is this patient's feet and
ankles being swollen. Due to the face that the left-side of his heart is failing, the right-side
has become weak, causing fluid to go backwards through the lungs and veins. This is what
causes the ankles and feet to be swollen.
-Which of these is the main circulatory function of the lymphatic system? - -To drain
excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood
-Which mechanism does not contribute to lymph transport? - -Two-way valves
-The lymphatic capillaries - -are more permeable than the blood capillaries
-Lymphedema occurs - -when blocked lymph return results in the accumulation of lymph
fluid and decreased fluid return to the blood circulation
Which is a major function of the capillaries? - -Allow the exchange of nutrients and
respiratory gases between the blood and tissue cells
-Colloid osmotic pressure is - -Pressure due to the presence of large nondiffusible
substances such as plasma proteins
-What happens to the exchange between capillaries and the interstitial fluid when blood
volume is increased? - -More fluid moves from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces
-How would increased blood pressure affect the exchange between capillaries and the
interstitial fluids? - -More fluid moves from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces
-Within the capillary: Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc) = 37 mm Hg while the Colloid Osmotic
Pressure (OPc) = 27 mm Hg
In the interstitial fluid: Hydrostatic Pressure (HPif) = 1 mm Hg while the Colloid Osmotic
Pressure (OPif) = 2 mm Hg.
What is the net hydrostatic pressure?
What is the net colloid osmotic pressure?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)?
Does fluid move into or out of the capillary?
For full credit, show all your calculations. - -Consult Focus Figure 19.1, p 733
-In most cases arteries carry oxygenated blood. Which arteries in the body are the only
arteries to carry deoxygenated blood? - -The pulmonary arteries
-The heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying the tissues with oxygen and
nutrients. What blood vessels provide the heart tissue (myocardium) itself with oxygen and
nutrients directly? - -The right and left coronary arteries
-Freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs is first received by the - -Left atrium
-The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates - -Ventricular repolarization
-Impulses through the intrinsic conduction system of the heart follow the path: - -
Sinoatrial(SA)node, Atrioventricular(AV)node, Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, bundle
branches, Purkinje fibers
-Which term below describes ventricles at their fullest volume? - -End diastolic volume
(EDV)
-Ventricular depolarization coincides in time with the - -QRS wave
, -The isovolumetric contraction phase - -Occurs during ventricular systole before the
semilunar (SL) valves open
-Which occurs first after the QRS complex occurs? - -The atrioventricular(AV)valves close
-Which statement about the intrinsic cardiac conduction system is wrong? - -Normally the
sinoatrial node depolarizes spontaneously at a rate of 50 times per minute
-The "dub" sound (or second heart sound) of the heart is caused by - -The closing of the
semilunar (SL) valves
-The semilunar (SL) valves prevent blood from flowing backwards into the - -ventricles
-Systole and diastole refer to - -Contraction of the heart muscle and relaxation of the heart
muscle
-According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, when the volume of venous return
increases - -The force of heart contraction increases
-When increased atrial filling initiates the atrial (Bainbridge) reflex, what happens to heart
rate and force of contraction? - -Increased heart rate; Increased force of contraction
-Assuming all other variables remain constant, what happens to arterial pressure when the
cardiac output increases? - -Arterial pressure decreases
-Assuming all other variables remain constant, what happens to arterial pressure when the
heart rate increases? - -Arterial pressure increases
-Which statement is wrong? - -Vascular shock can be caused by hemorrhaging and treated
with vasodilatory therapy
-Which is not associated with congestive heart failure? - -Mitral valve prolapse
-There are various short-term mechanisms controlling blood pressure. Which mechanism
is not associated with the nervous system controls? - -The renin-angiotensin mechanism
-When blood pressure drops, what occurs to increase blood pressure? - -Arterioles
vasoconstrict
-Which acts to increase blood pressure? - -Renin and angiotensin
-Which of the following is involved in long-term regulation of blood pressure? - -The
direct renal mechanism of kidney filtration
-Name these and trace their pathways through major vessels and the chambers of the
heart. Be specific.
, How are these pathways related to their different functions? - -The two circuits are the
systemic (oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood) circuit and the pulmonary (oxygen-poor, CO2-rich
blood) circuit.
The pulmonary circuit pathway is:
SVC/IVC --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> lungs -- > pulmonary
capillaries --> heart
The systemic circuit pathway is:
four pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body --> systemic
capillaries
The pulmonary and systemic circuits both bring blood to the tissues in the entire body.
-Erythropoiesis or red blood cell production - -Is stimulated after severe hemorrhaging
occurs
-Which blood type is considered the "universal donor"? This blood type has no red blood
cell agglutinogens (antibodies). - -Type O
-When could hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) possibly occur in
a pregnant Rh negative woman? - -If the child is Rh positive
-A patient is admitted to the hospital with heart failure. He complains of increasing
shortness of breath upon exertion and has only been able to sleep when his head is
elevated on three pillows. Examination reveals that his ankles and feet are very swollen. (5
extra credit points)
Which of these symptoms would reflect left-sided heart failure? Explain also why these
symptoms occur.
Which of these symptoms would reflect right-sided heart failure? Explain also why these
symptoms occur. - -The symptoms that could reflect in left-side heart failure is the
increasing shortness of breath when laying down flat. This is because the left side of the
heart is unable to pump blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Meaning that the left
side of the heart is trying to work in overtime, causing the shortness of breath when laying
flat down.
The symptoms that could reflect in the right-side heart failure is this patient's feet and
ankles being swollen. Due to the face that the left-side of his heart is failing, the right-side
has become weak, causing fluid to go backwards through the lungs and veins. This is what
causes the ankles and feet to be swollen.
-Which of these is the main circulatory function of the lymphatic system? - -To drain
excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood
-Which mechanism does not contribute to lymph transport? - -Two-way valves
-The lymphatic capillaries - -are more permeable than the blood capillaries
-Lymphedema occurs - -when blocked lymph return results in the accumulation of lymph
fluid and decreased fluid return to the blood circulation
