Criminology Final Exam: Theory
Tables Questions with Guaranteed
Pass Solutions 2025-2026 Edition.
Lombroso - Answer 1. Biological Positivism -- Physiognomists
Key Words:
"Father of Criminology"; atavistic anomalies; Born Criminal
2. Traditional Theories of Female Crime
-dichotomize women
Durkheim - Answer Anomie Theory
Societies evolve from mechanical or organic societies, with the former having a limited division
of labor/roles, which strengthens the "collective conscience" of members. As the division of
labor increases in the move to a more organic society, the collective conscience breaks down
and results in "normlessness" or anomie.
Key Words:
Anomie
Collective Conscience
Mechanical Solidarity
Organic Solidarity
Agnew - Answer General Strain Theory
This greatly expanded the sources of strain to include everything that had been presented by
previous models (economics, school frustration, etc.) and also added much more in the sense of
having constant stressors (noxious stimuli) and the loss of positive aspects in one's life. It also
added the component of coping mechanisms and individuals'' ability to deal with stress in a
healthy way.
, Coping mechanisms (or lack thereof)
Cloward & Ohlin - Answer Differential Opportunity Theory
Gangs in lower-class city areas are a manifestation of the type of neighborhood structure that
exists there as well as the ability of youths to be accepted by adult criminal enterprises. Some
youths are given opportunities to engage in illegal structures (e.g., the mafia), and others are
blocked from these illegitimate opportunities as well as legitimate ones.
Key Words:
Criminal gangs
Conflict gangs
Retreatist gangs
Shaw & McKay - Answer Cultural Transmission Theory (Branch of Social Disorganization
Theory)
(Branch of Cultural Deviance Theories)
Nearly all cities experience large growth of factories around the city center, which invades
residential areas and essentially creates a state of transition and instability, which leads to chaos
and higher crime and delinquency rates.
Cultural transmission: delinquency was socially learned behavior, transmitted from one general
to the next in disorganized urban areas...
The crucial factor was NOT ethnicity, but rahter, the position of the group in terms of economic
status and cultural values.
Key Words:
Various zones in the city
Zone in transition
Park & Burgess - Answer Ecological/Chicago School Theory (Branch of Social Disorganization
Theory)
(Branch of Cultural Deviance Theories)
Tables Questions with Guaranteed
Pass Solutions 2025-2026 Edition.
Lombroso - Answer 1. Biological Positivism -- Physiognomists
Key Words:
"Father of Criminology"; atavistic anomalies; Born Criminal
2. Traditional Theories of Female Crime
-dichotomize women
Durkheim - Answer Anomie Theory
Societies evolve from mechanical or organic societies, with the former having a limited division
of labor/roles, which strengthens the "collective conscience" of members. As the division of
labor increases in the move to a more organic society, the collective conscience breaks down
and results in "normlessness" or anomie.
Key Words:
Anomie
Collective Conscience
Mechanical Solidarity
Organic Solidarity
Agnew - Answer General Strain Theory
This greatly expanded the sources of strain to include everything that had been presented by
previous models (economics, school frustration, etc.) and also added much more in the sense of
having constant stressors (noxious stimuli) and the loss of positive aspects in one's life. It also
added the component of coping mechanisms and individuals'' ability to deal with stress in a
healthy way.
, Coping mechanisms (or lack thereof)
Cloward & Ohlin - Answer Differential Opportunity Theory
Gangs in lower-class city areas are a manifestation of the type of neighborhood structure that
exists there as well as the ability of youths to be accepted by adult criminal enterprises. Some
youths are given opportunities to engage in illegal structures (e.g., the mafia), and others are
blocked from these illegitimate opportunities as well as legitimate ones.
Key Words:
Criminal gangs
Conflict gangs
Retreatist gangs
Shaw & McKay - Answer Cultural Transmission Theory (Branch of Social Disorganization
Theory)
(Branch of Cultural Deviance Theories)
Nearly all cities experience large growth of factories around the city center, which invades
residential areas and essentially creates a state of transition and instability, which leads to chaos
and higher crime and delinquency rates.
Cultural transmission: delinquency was socially learned behavior, transmitted from one general
to the next in disorganized urban areas...
The crucial factor was NOT ethnicity, but rahter, the position of the group in terms of economic
status and cultural values.
Key Words:
Various zones in the city
Zone in transition
Park & Burgess - Answer Ecological/Chicago School Theory (Branch of Social Disorganization
Theory)
(Branch of Cultural Deviance Theories)
