ISA Arborist Test Chapter Tree Biology
with Complete Solutions
Tree biology - ANS-The study of structure and function of trees and the relationship
between them.
Cells - ANS-Basic building blocks of structure
Mitosis - ANS-Process of cell division used to create new cells in plants. Genetically
identical.
Differentiation - ANS-Process by which cells change their structure and specialize in a
particular function.
Tissues - ANS-Cells grouped together with similar structure and function.
Organs - ANS-Organized tissues that provides a particular function to the plants
Leaves, Stems, Roots, Flowers, Fruit - ANS-5 organs of a tree
Primary Growth - ANS-The type of growth occurring from Apical Meristems
Apical Meristem - ANS-The meristem located at the tip of a shoot or a root.
a.k.a. Primary Meristem
Secondary Growth - ANS-The type of growth occurring from secondary meristems.
Secondary Meristem - ANS-The type of meristem that produces Secondary Growth
a.k.a Lateral Meristem
Buds - ANS-House primary meristems in the shoots of a plant.
Can be lateral or terminal. Can develop into a shoot or a flower
Stipules - ANS-Modified leaves (differing in function from true leaves) which serve to
protect the buds meristematic region and any developing shoot growth
Root Cap - ANS-Overlapping scales which help protect the apical meristem of roots
Cambium - ANS-The first type of Secondary (lateral) Meristem
, Cork Cambium - ANS-The second type of Secondary (lateral) Meristem which produces
the bark.
Periderm - ANS-The bark of the tree.
Literally meaning "enclosing skin"
Cellulose - ANS-The component of the cell wall that provides the cell with its structure. It
plays a large role in providing the framework of different types of cells.
Lignin - ANS-Provides strength and rigidity to the cell walls of wood in a tree. It helps
allow the tree to grow so tall without collapsing in on itself from its own weight.
Xylem - ANS-The following are the 4 primary functions of _____:
1. Conduction of water & minerals throughout woody plants
2. Supports the weight of the tree
3. Stores carbohydrate reserves
4. Defends against the spread of disease & decay
Symplasm - ANS-The living tissue of a tree
Apoplasm - ANS-The non-living tissue of a tree. A large portion of the tissue in a mature
tree is typically of this kind of tissue.
Gymnosperms - ANS-Cone bearing plants such as pines & spruces.
These plants do not produce flowers. Their seeds are considered exposed to the
outside world b/c they are not enclosed within the flesh of a fruit.
Tracheids - ANS-Xylem cells that are elongated, dead, with pointy ends and thick walls
Fibers - ANS-Xylem cells which provide mechanical STRENGTH
Parenchyma - ANS-Living cells that are spread out among the other types of xylem cells
Hardwoods - ANS-The xylem cells of _________ are made up of Tracheids, Fibers,
Parenchyma, & Vessels.
Vessels - ANS-Stacks of dead, hollow, cells that form long tubes of water conducting
elements in the xylem
Parenchyma - ANS-The only living cells that make up xylem tissue
Vessels - ANS-Of the 2 types of cells that conduct water in the xylem of a hardwood
tree, which is more efficients
with Complete Solutions
Tree biology - ANS-The study of structure and function of trees and the relationship
between them.
Cells - ANS-Basic building blocks of structure
Mitosis - ANS-Process of cell division used to create new cells in plants. Genetically
identical.
Differentiation - ANS-Process by which cells change their structure and specialize in a
particular function.
Tissues - ANS-Cells grouped together with similar structure and function.
Organs - ANS-Organized tissues that provides a particular function to the plants
Leaves, Stems, Roots, Flowers, Fruit - ANS-5 organs of a tree
Primary Growth - ANS-The type of growth occurring from Apical Meristems
Apical Meristem - ANS-The meristem located at the tip of a shoot or a root.
a.k.a. Primary Meristem
Secondary Growth - ANS-The type of growth occurring from secondary meristems.
Secondary Meristem - ANS-The type of meristem that produces Secondary Growth
a.k.a Lateral Meristem
Buds - ANS-House primary meristems in the shoots of a plant.
Can be lateral or terminal. Can develop into a shoot or a flower
Stipules - ANS-Modified leaves (differing in function from true leaves) which serve to
protect the buds meristematic region and any developing shoot growth
Root Cap - ANS-Overlapping scales which help protect the apical meristem of roots
Cambium - ANS-The first type of Secondary (lateral) Meristem
, Cork Cambium - ANS-The second type of Secondary (lateral) Meristem which produces
the bark.
Periderm - ANS-The bark of the tree.
Literally meaning "enclosing skin"
Cellulose - ANS-The component of the cell wall that provides the cell with its structure. It
plays a large role in providing the framework of different types of cells.
Lignin - ANS-Provides strength and rigidity to the cell walls of wood in a tree. It helps
allow the tree to grow so tall without collapsing in on itself from its own weight.
Xylem - ANS-The following are the 4 primary functions of _____:
1. Conduction of water & minerals throughout woody plants
2. Supports the weight of the tree
3. Stores carbohydrate reserves
4. Defends against the spread of disease & decay
Symplasm - ANS-The living tissue of a tree
Apoplasm - ANS-The non-living tissue of a tree. A large portion of the tissue in a mature
tree is typically of this kind of tissue.
Gymnosperms - ANS-Cone bearing plants such as pines & spruces.
These plants do not produce flowers. Their seeds are considered exposed to the
outside world b/c they are not enclosed within the flesh of a fruit.
Tracheids - ANS-Xylem cells that are elongated, dead, with pointy ends and thick walls
Fibers - ANS-Xylem cells which provide mechanical STRENGTH
Parenchyma - ANS-Living cells that are spread out among the other types of xylem cells
Hardwoods - ANS-The xylem cells of _________ are made up of Tracheids, Fibers,
Parenchyma, & Vessels.
Vessels - ANS-Stacks of dead, hollow, cells that form long tubes of water conducting
elements in the xylem
Parenchyma - ANS-The only living cells that make up xylem tissue
Vessels - ANS-Of the 2 types of cells that conduct water in the xylem of a hardwood
tree, which is more efficients
