Microbiology EXAM 2 - TWU Hanson
What is passive immunity?
What is natural and what is artificial? - CORRECT ANSWER-Individuals receives pre-
formed immune components from another.
Natural - IgGs cross placenta, IgA in mother's milk
Artificial - give purified antibodies
Adjuvant - CORRECT ANSWER-Enhanced immunogenicity
The 4 side effects of immunization: - CORRECT ANSWER-Local inflammation, fever,
allergies, more serious very rare.
Communicable - CORRECT ANSWER-Can be transferred between hosts.
Direct or indirect transmission
Zoonosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Infection normally in animals but transmissible to
humans, may or may not be communicable between humans
Inactivated vaccines - CORRECT ANSWER-What kind of vaccine is described?
-Grow organism - treat with formalin or agent that kills/inactivates but does not destroy
antigenicity
-Usually require high amount - adjuvant
-Multiple boosters
-Shorter protection
-Storage easier
-Cannot revert
Live attenuated vaccine - CORRECT ANSWER-What kind of vaccine is described?
-Process to reduce virulence of viruses or bacteria
-Lower amounts (replicates) adjuvant not usually needed
-Few boosters
-Longer protection
-Refrigeration often required
-Rarely can revert
-Care in immune suppressed
Nosocomial Infections - CORRECT ANSWER-Disease acquired or developed in a
clinical setting. From surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and exposure to drug-
resistant microorganisms. Most commonly involve urinary tract, respiratory tract, and
surgical incisions.
,Non-communicable - CORRECT ANSWER-Not transferred between hosts. Ex. tetanus
+ botulism - must get from where organisms live.
What is active immunity?
What is natural and what is artificial ? - CORRECT ANSWER-Developing own antigen
specific T and B cells.
Natural - get infected, symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Artificial - immunization, use form unlikely to cause disease
Acellular vaccines (Subunit if a virus) - CORRECT ANSWER-Consists of the bacterial
or viral components that elicit a protective immune response
Herd immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Theory that immune individuals will not harbor
pathogen, reducing occurrence.
-Less likely a non immunized person will encounter pathogen
-Too much dependence
Pathogen - CORRECT ANSWER-Organism that can cause disease
True pathogens - CORRECT ANSWER-Disease in host with normal defenses
Opportunistic pathogen - CORRECT ANSWER-When a host's defenses are
compromised by old age, extreme youth, wounds, genetics, stress, other diseases,
medications
Virulence - CORRECT ANSWER-Measure of severity of disease
Virulence factor - CORRECT ANSWER-Something that contributes to the ability of a
microbe to cause disease
Infection - CORRECT ANSWER-When pathogenic microbes penetrate and multiply
Infectious disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Infection that causes damage or disruption to
tissues and organs
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) - CORRECT ANSWER-Low infection hazards, non
pathogens or opportunistics, open bench, gloves, labcoat
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) - CORRECT ANSWER-Moderate hazards, mild diseases
and/or have preventions/treatment - training, biosafety cabinets, gloves, and labcoats
Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) - CORRECT ANSWER-High hazards, severe or lethal
disease especially inhaled but often have treatments - more PPE, biosafety cabinets
with extra containment
, Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) - CORRECT ANSWER-Extreme hazards - more PPE, more
control
Infectious dose - CORRECT ANSWER-Minimum number of microbes required for
infection to proceed
-Leukocidins
-Slime layer/capsule - make phagocytosis difficult
-Ability to survive in cell1 - CORRECT ANSWER-What are 3 antiphagocytic factors?
Leukocidins - CORRECT ANSWER-Kill white blood cells
Exoenzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-Secreted by microorganism that breaks down
defenses
-digests intercellular "cements"
-dissolve clots
Breaks down mucus
-Host glycocalyx - hard to penetrate to reach cells - CORRECT ANSWER-What does
mucinase do?
Digest intercellular "cements"
-Breaks down hyaluronic acid - skin and mucus membranes - CORRECT ANSWER-
What does hyaluronidase do?
Exotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER--Proteins
-Actively excreted by living cells (some gram - and gram +)
-Highly antigenic - stimulate antitoxin formation
-Heat unstable - converted to nontoxic toxoids - used to immunize
-Highly toxic
-Bind specific receptors
-Usually no fever
Endotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER--LPS
-Released by bacterial death/damage
-Part of cell wall of all gram -
-Weakly immunogenic
-Heat stable - not converted to toxoids
-Moderately toxic
-Multiple receptors/different parts
-Usually induce fever (pyrogenic)
Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Disease that can be defined by a specific set of signs
and symptoms
What is passive immunity?
What is natural and what is artificial? - CORRECT ANSWER-Individuals receives pre-
formed immune components from another.
Natural - IgGs cross placenta, IgA in mother's milk
Artificial - give purified antibodies
Adjuvant - CORRECT ANSWER-Enhanced immunogenicity
The 4 side effects of immunization: - CORRECT ANSWER-Local inflammation, fever,
allergies, more serious very rare.
Communicable - CORRECT ANSWER-Can be transferred between hosts.
Direct or indirect transmission
Zoonosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Infection normally in animals but transmissible to
humans, may or may not be communicable between humans
Inactivated vaccines - CORRECT ANSWER-What kind of vaccine is described?
-Grow organism - treat with formalin or agent that kills/inactivates but does not destroy
antigenicity
-Usually require high amount - adjuvant
-Multiple boosters
-Shorter protection
-Storage easier
-Cannot revert
Live attenuated vaccine - CORRECT ANSWER-What kind of vaccine is described?
-Process to reduce virulence of viruses or bacteria
-Lower amounts (replicates) adjuvant not usually needed
-Few boosters
-Longer protection
-Refrigeration often required
-Rarely can revert
-Care in immune suppressed
Nosocomial Infections - CORRECT ANSWER-Disease acquired or developed in a
clinical setting. From surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and exposure to drug-
resistant microorganisms. Most commonly involve urinary tract, respiratory tract, and
surgical incisions.
,Non-communicable - CORRECT ANSWER-Not transferred between hosts. Ex. tetanus
+ botulism - must get from where organisms live.
What is active immunity?
What is natural and what is artificial ? - CORRECT ANSWER-Developing own antigen
specific T and B cells.
Natural - get infected, symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Artificial - immunization, use form unlikely to cause disease
Acellular vaccines (Subunit if a virus) - CORRECT ANSWER-Consists of the bacterial
or viral components that elicit a protective immune response
Herd immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Theory that immune individuals will not harbor
pathogen, reducing occurrence.
-Less likely a non immunized person will encounter pathogen
-Too much dependence
Pathogen - CORRECT ANSWER-Organism that can cause disease
True pathogens - CORRECT ANSWER-Disease in host with normal defenses
Opportunistic pathogen - CORRECT ANSWER-When a host's defenses are
compromised by old age, extreme youth, wounds, genetics, stress, other diseases,
medications
Virulence - CORRECT ANSWER-Measure of severity of disease
Virulence factor - CORRECT ANSWER-Something that contributes to the ability of a
microbe to cause disease
Infection - CORRECT ANSWER-When pathogenic microbes penetrate and multiply
Infectious disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Infection that causes damage or disruption to
tissues and organs
Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) - CORRECT ANSWER-Low infection hazards, non
pathogens or opportunistics, open bench, gloves, labcoat
Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) - CORRECT ANSWER-Moderate hazards, mild diseases
and/or have preventions/treatment - training, biosafety cabinets, gloves, and labcoats
Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) - CORRECT ANSWER-High hazards, severe or lethal
disease especially inhaled but often have treatments - more PPE, biosafety cabinets
with extra containment
, Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) - CORRECT ANSWER-Extreme hazards - more PPE, more
control
Infectious dose - CORRECT ANSWER-Minimum number of microbes required for
infection to proceed
-Leukocidins
-Slime layer/capsule - make phagocytosis difficult
-Ability to survive in cell1 - CORRECT ANSWER-What are 3 antiphagocytic factors?
Leukocidins - CORRECT ANSWER-Kill white blood cells
Exoenzymes - CORRECT ANSWER-Secreted by microorganism that breaks down
defenses
-digests intercellular "cements"
-dissolve clots
Breaks down mucus
-Host glycocalyx - hard to penetrate to reach cells - CORRECT ANSWER-What does
mucinase do?
Digest intercellular "cements"
-Breaks down hyaluronic acid - skin and mucus membranes - CORRECT ANSWER-
What does hyaluronidase do?
Exotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER--Proteins
-Actively excreted by living cells (some gram - and gram +)
-Highly antigenic - stimulate antitoxin formation
-Heat unstable - converted to nontoxic toxoids - used to immunize
-Highly toxic
-Bind specific receptors
-Usually no fever
Endotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER--LPS
-Released by bacterial death/damage
-Part of cell wall of all gram -
-Weakly immunogenic
-Heat stable - not converted to toxoids
-Moderately toxic
-Multiple receptors/different parts
-Usually induce fever (pyrogenic)
Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Disease that can be defined by a specific set of signs
and symptoms
