INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (CHAPTER 1) AND
(CHAPTER 2) THINKING AND REASONING || FULL GUIDE WITH DETAILED
ANSWERS TO ALL QUESITIONS
Analytic introspection
Ans: a procedure used by early psychologists in which trained participants described their
experiences and thought processes elicited by stimuli presented under controlled conditions.
Behavioral approach to the study of the mind
Ans: when the mind is studied by measuring a person's behavior and by explaining this behavior
in behavioral terms.
Behaviorism
Ans: the approach to psychology, founded by john b. Watson, which stated that observable
behavior is the only valid data for psychology. A consequence of this idea is that consciousness
and unobservable mental processes were considered not worthy of study by psychologists.
Choice reaction time
Ans: reacting to one of two or more stimuli. For example, in donders' experiment (see chapter
1), participants had to make one response to one stimulus, and a different response to another
stimulus.
Cognition
Ans: The mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem
solving, reasoning, and making decisions.
,Cognitive psychology
Ans: the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mental processes
involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision
making. In short, cognitive psychology is concerned with the scientific study of the mind and
mental processes.
Cognitive revolution
Ans: a shift in psychology, that began in the 1950's, from the behaviorist approach to an
approach in which the main thrust was to explain behavior in terms of the mind. One of the
outcomes of the cognitive revolution was the introduction of the information-processing
approach to studying the mind.
Cognitive science
Ans: the interdisciplinary approach to the study of the mind. Cognitive science includes a wide
net of disciplines including computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence,
philosophy, and psychology.
Information-processing approach
Ans: the approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind was
seen as processing information through a sequence of stages.
Long-term memory
Ans: a memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time.
Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory.
Mental chronometry
Ans: measuring the time-course of mental processes.
, Mental rotation
Ans: rotating an image of an object in the mind. Shepard and metzler's experiment provided
evidence that people use this method when asked to determine whether two depictions are of
the same object viewed from different angles or are two different objects.
Modal model of memory
Ans: the model proposed by atkinson and shiffrin describing memory as a mechanism that
involves processing information through a series of stages, which include short term memory
and long-term memory. It is called the modal model because of the great influence it has had
on memory research.
Model
Ans: a model in cognitive psychology is a representation of the workings of the mind. There are
many different kinds of models, but many are presented as interconnected boxes that each
represent the operation of specific mental functions.
Physiological approach to the study of the mind
Ans: when the mind is studied by measuring physiological and behavioral responses, and when
behavior is explained in physiological terms.
Reaction time
Ans: the time it takes for a person to react to a stimulus. This is usually determined by
measuring the time between presentation of a stimulus and the person's response to the
stimulus. Examples of responses are pushing a button, saying a word, moving the eyes, and
appearance of a particular brain wave.
(CHAPTER 2) THINKING AND REASONING || FULL GUIDE WITH DETAILED
ANSWERS TO ALL QUESITIONS
Analytic introspection
Ans: a procedure used by early psychologists in which trained participants described their
experiences and thought processes elicited by stimuli presented under controlled conditions.
Behavioral approach to the study of the mind
Ans: when the mind is studied by measuring a person's behavior and by explaining this behavior
in behavioral terms.
Behaviorism
Ans: the approach to psychology, founded by john b. Watson, which stated that observable
behavior is the only valid data for psychology. A consequence of this idea is that consciousness
and unobservable mental processes were considered not worthy of study by psychologists.
Choice reaction time
Ans: reacting to one of two or more stimuli. For example, in donders' experiment (see chapter
1), participants had to make one response to one stimulus, and a different response to another
stimulus.
Cognition
Ans: The mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem
solving, reasoning, and making decisions.
,Cognitive psychology
Ans: the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mental processes
involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision
making. In short, cognitive psychology is concerned with the scientific study of the mind and
mental processes.
Cognitive revolution
Ans: a shift in psychology, that began in the 1950's, from the behaviorist approach to an
approach in which the main thrust was to explain behavior in terms of the mind. One of the
outcomes of the cognitive revolution was the introduction of the information-processing
approach to studying the mind.
Cognitive science
Ans: the interdisciplinary approach to the study of the mind. Cognitive science includes a wide
net of disciplines including computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence,
philosophy, and psychology.
Information-processing approach
Ans: the approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind was
seen as processing information through a sequence of stages.
Long-term memory
Ans: a memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time.
Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory.
Mental chronometry
Ans: measuring the time-course of mental processes.
, Mental rotation
Ans: rotating an image of an object in the mind. Shepard and metzler's experiment provided
evidence that people use this method when asked to determine whether two depictions are of
the same object viewed from different angles or are two different objects.
Modal model of memory
Ans: the model proposed by atkinson and shiffrin describing memory as a mechanism that
involves processing information through a series of stages, which include short term memory
and long-term memory. It is called the modal model because of the great influence it has had
on memory research.
Model
Ans: a model in cognitive psychology is a representation of the workings of the mind. There are
many different kinds of models, but many are presented as interconnected boxes that each
represent the operation of specific mental functions.
Physiological approach to the study of the mind
Ans: when the mind is studied by measuring physiological and behavioral responses, and when
behavior is explained in physiological terms.
Reaction time
Ans: the time it takes for a person to react to a stimulus. This is usually determined by
measuring the time between presentation of a stimulus and the person's response to the
stimulus. Examples of responses are pushing a button, saying a word, moving the eyes, and
appearance of a particular brain wave.
