BIOC 2300: Midterm 1 Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Compartmentalization - ANSWER-Spatial seperation of different biological
processes within an organism
Micrometers, nanometers, and angstroms - ANSWER-Micrometers: 10^-6
Nanometers: 10^-9
1nm = 10 Angstroms
Vitalism - ANSWER-(1828) Friedrich Wohler: naturally occurring compounds can
be synthesized
Proteins - ANSWER-Carry out metabolic reactions, store energy, structural
properties
Carbohydrates - ANSWER-Encode information, store energy, structural support
Nucleic acid - ANSWER-Encode information, participate in reactions, structural
support
Lipids - ANSWER-Energy, structural support
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,Connecting genotype to phenotype - ANSWER-"OMES" Genome -
Transcriptome - Proteome - Metabolome
Exergonic Reaction - ANSWER-delta G < 0 : spontaneous
Endergonic Reaction - ANSWER-delta G > 0: non-spontaneous
Relationship between thermodynamics and kinetics - ANSWER-Thermodynamics
PREDICTS whether a reaction can proceed, but whether it WILL depends on
kinetics
Common biochemical elements - ANSWER-C, N, H, O, P, and S
Common biochemical cations - ANSWER-K+, Mg2+, Na+, and Ca2+
Common biochemical anions - ANSWER-Cl-
Electronegativity - ANSWER-The ability of an element to attract a shared pair of
electrons towards itself, results in partial changes and determines if bonding is
ionic or covalent
Covalent bonds - ANSWER-Sharing of electrons
Ionic bonds - ANSWER-Transfer of electrons , attractive or repulsive
conformation vs configuration - ANSWER-Confrimations - Rotation around a
bond
Configurations - require the making or breaking of bonds (configuration matters!)
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, van der Waals forces - ANSWER-very weak attractive forces due to dipole or
induced dipole interactions of closely spaced atoms, significant in large number
Hydrogen bonds - ANSWER-H shared between two electronegative atoms, very
directional
- Strongest when 3 atoms are in line with each other
Hydrophobic effect - ANSWER-Tendency of non polar substances to aggregate in
an aqueous solution & exclude water molecules.
Hydrophobic effect: a thermodynamic explanation - ANSWER-The decreased
entropy of water at the non-polar solute interface is not compensated by favorable
(lower enthalpy) solute-solvent interactions
micelles - ANSWER-tiny spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during
digestion; most contain bile salts and the products of lipid digestion, including fatty
acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol
Physiological pH - ANSWER-Between 7.2-7.6
Ionizable groups - ANSWER-NH3+, COO-
pka - ANSWER-A weak acids tendency to ionize
Relating pH and pka - ANSWER-The henderson-hasselbach equation
(pH=pka+log([A-]\[HA])
COPYRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, TRUSTED AND VERIFIED 3
Questions and Answers 100% Pass
Compartmentalization - ANSWER-Spatial seperation of different biological
processes within an organism
Micrometers, nanometers, and angstroms - ANSWER-Micrometers: 10^-6
Nanometers: 10^-9
1nm = 10 Angstroms
Vitalism - ANSWER-(1828) Friedrich Wohler: naturally occurring compounds can
be synthesized
Proteins - ANSWER-Carry out metabolic reactions, store energy, structural
properties
Carbohydrates - ANSWER-Encode information, store energy, structural support
Nucleic acid - ANSWER-Encode information, participate in reactions, structural
support
Lipids - ANSWER-Energy, structural support
COPYRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, TRUSTED AND VERIFIED 1
,Connecting genotype to phenotype - ANSWER-"OMES" Genome -
Transcriptome - Proteome - Metabolome
Exergonic Reaction - ANSWER-delta G < 0 : spontaneous
Endergonic Reaction - ANSWER-delta G > 0: non-spontaneous
Relationship between thermodynamics and kinetics - ANSWER-Thermodynamics
PREDICTS whether a reaction can proceed, but whether it WILL depends on
kinetics
Common biochemical elements - ANSWER-C, N, H, O, P, and S
Common biochemical cations - ANSWER-K+, Mg2+, Na+, and Ca2+
Common biochemical anions - ANSWER-Cl-
Electronegativity - ANSWER-The ability of an element to attract a shared pair of
electrons towards itself, results in partial changes and determines if bonding is
ionic or covalent
Covalent bonds - ANSWER-Sharing of electrons
Ionic bonds - ANSWER-Transfer of electrons , attractive or repulsive
conformation vs configuration - ANSWER-Confrimations - Rotation around a
bond
Configurations - require the making or breaking of bonds (configuration matters!)
COPYRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, TRUSTED AND VERIFIED 2
, van der Waals forces - ANSWER-very weak attractive forces due to dipole or
induced dipole interactions of closely spaced atoms, significant in large number
Hydrogen bonds - ANSWER-H shared between two electronegative atoms, very
directional
- Strongest when 3 atoms are in line with each other
Hydrophobic effect - ANSWER-Tendency of non polar substances to aggregate in
an aqueous solution & exclude water molecules.
Hydrophobic effect: a thermodynamic explanation - ANSWER-The decreased
entropy of water at the non-polar solute interface is not compensated by favorable
(lower enthalpy) solute-solvent interactions
micelles - ANSWER-tiny spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during
digestion; most contain bile salts and the products of lipid digestion, including fatty
acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol
Physiological pH - ANSWER-Between 7.2-7.6
Ionizable groups - ANSWER-NH3+, COO-
pka - ANSWER-A weak acids tendency to ionize
Relating pH and pka - ANSWER-The henderson-hasselbach equation
(pH=pka+log([A-]\[HA])
COPYRIGHT 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, TRUSTED AND VERIFIED 3
