PSYC 388 Unit 4 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Important stuff for counselling - Answers -Important for client and counsellor to be able to
relate to each other and understand
-Counsellors need to be sensitive to client's backgrounds and attuned to their own values,
biases. Otherwise may misunderstand and frustrate or harm clients.
Immigrants in Canada - Answers About 20% of Canadian population made up of immigrants.
Many visible minorities, especially in big cities.
-A lot of ethnic variation in Canada
Aboriginal Identity (Stats Can 2008) - Answers refers to those persons who reported identifying
with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, North American Indian, Metis or Inuit, and/or those
who reported being a Treaty Indian or Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of Canada,
and/or those who reported they were members of an Indian band or First Nation.
Minorities and termination - Answers Over 50% of minority-culture clients terminate after one
session (Sue and Sue, 2003). Suggests negative experiences. Majority client cultures terminate
30% after one session.
Culture definition - Answers "Ethnographic variables such as ethnicity, nationality, religion, and
language, as well as demographic variables of age, gender, place of residence, etc. status
variables such as social, economic, and educational background and a wide range of formal or
informal memberships and affiliations (Pederson, 1990)
Broad definition of culture - Answers "Any group of people who identify or associate with one
another on the basis of some common purpose, need, or similarity of background" (Axelson,
1999).
How culture impacts us - Answers "structures our behaviour, thoughts, perceptions, values,
goals, morals, and cognitive processes (Cohen, 1998). Unconscious or consciously
Shared elements of a culture - Answers Shared elements of a culture include learned
experiences, beliefs and values. Give coherence and meaning to life. Physical features and/or
common history or philosophy
Multicultural - Answers -Multicultural doesn't have a shared definition. Previously non-
discriminatory practice and diversity.
-Focus on distinct group uniquenesses and concepts that facilitate attention to individual
differences (Locke, 1998).
-Communalties in a cultural group do not tell the extent that individuals from the group have
incorporated these into their beliefs and practices.
, Multicultural counselling - Answers counselling in which the counsellor and the client differ
(Locke). Kind of describes all counselling.
Etic perspective - Answers universal qualities exist in counselling that are culturally
generalizable. Criticism is that not taking important cultural differences into account.
Emic perspective - Answers assumes counselling approaches must be designed to be culturally
specific. Criticism is that places too much emphasis on specific techniques as the vehicle for
client change.
Fischer's 4 conditions common to any counselling treatment - Answers -the therapeutic
relationship
-a shared worldview between client and counsellor
-client expectations for positive change
-interventions believed by both client and counsellor to be a means of healing
Limited support for this
Definition of multiculturalism in Canada - Answers Multiculturalism in Canada refers to the
presence and persistence of diverse racial and ethnic minorities who define themselves as
different and who wish to remain so. Ideologically relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals
pertaining to the celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. At policy level is structured around
the management of diversity thorough formal initiatives in the federal, provincial, and municipal
domains. Process by which racial and ethnic minorities compete to obtain support from central
authorities for the achievement of certain goals and aspirations. (Dewing and Leman, 2006).
Development of Canadian society and forces - Answers According to library of parliament ^,
development of Canadian society having gone through three forces.
1 Aboriginal people arrived here around 28 000 BC by crossing over the Bering Strait
2 Charter groups arrived (French and English)
3 The arrival of racial and ethnic minorities who fall outside the charter groups immigrated
Multiculturalism and Canada - Answers -Canada known as cultural mosaic (plural cultural
identities) instead of melting pot (singular cultural identity).
-Canada's first multiculturalism policy in 1971 by Trudeau.
-Immigration Act of 1967 does not discriminate based on race, national origin, religion, or
culture,
-Act for the Preservation and Enhancement of Multiculturalism in Canada (1988) part of
Important stuff for counselling - Answers -Important for client and counsellor to be able to
relate to each other and understand
-Counsellors need to be sensitive to client's backgrounds and attuned to their own values,
biases. Otherwise may misunderstand and frustrate or harm clients.
Immigrants in Canada - Answers About 20% of Canadian population made up of immigrants.
Many visible minorities, especially in big cities.
-A lot of ethnic variation in Canada
Aboriginal Identity (Stats Can 2008) - Answers refers to those persons who reported identifying
with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, North American Indian, Metis or Inuit, and/or those
who reported being a Treaty Indian or Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of Canada,
and/or those who reported they were members of an Indian band or First Nation.
Minorities and termination - Answers Over 50% of minority-culture clients terminate after one
session (Sue and Sue, 2003). Suggests negative experiences. Majority client cultures terminate
30% after one session.
Culture definition - Answers "Ethnographic variables such as ethnicity, nationality, religion, and
language, as well as demographic variables of age, gender, place of residence, etc. status
variables such as social, economic, and educational background and a wide range of formal or
informal memberships and affiliations (Pederson, 1990)
Broad definition of culture - Answers "Any group of people who identify or associate with one
another on the basis of some common purpose, need, or similarity of background" (Axelson,
1999).
How culture impacts us - Answers "structures our behaviour, thoughts, perceptions, values,
goals, morals, and cognitive processes (Cohen, 1998). Unconscious or consciously
Shared elements of a culture - Answers Shared elements of a culture include learned
experiences, beliefs and values. Give coherence and meaning to life. Physical features and/or
common history or philosophy
Multicultural - Answers -Multicultural doesn't have a shared definition. Previously non-
discriminatory practice and diversity.
-Focus on distinct group uniquenesses and concepts that facilitate attention to individual
differences (Locke, 1998).
-Communalties in a cultural group do not tell the extent that individuals from the group have
incorporated these into their beliefs and practices.
, Multicultural counselling - Answers counselling in which the counsellor and the client differ
(Locke). Kind of describes all counselling.
Etic perspective - Answers universal qualities exist in counselling that are culturally
generalizable. Criticism is that not taking important cultural differences into account.
Emic perspective - Answers assumes counselling approaches must be designed to be culturally
specific. Criticism is that places too much emphasis on specific techniques as the vehicle for
client change.
Fischer's 4 conditions common to any counselling treatment - Answers -the therapeutic
relationship
-a shared worldview between client and counsellor
-client expectations for positive change
-interventions believed by both client and counsellor to be a means of healing
Limited support for this
Definition of multiculturalism in Canada - Answers Multiculturalism in Canada refers to the
presence and persistence of diverse racial and ethnic minorities who define themselves as
different and who wish to remain so. Ideologically relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals
pertaining to the celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. At policy level is structured around
the management of diversity thorough formal initiatives in the federal, provincial, and municipal
domains. Process by which racial and ethnic minorities compete to obtain support from central
authorities for the achievement of certain goals and aspirations. (Dewing and Leman, 2006).
Development of Canadian society and forces - Answers According to library of parliament ^,
development of Canadian society having gone through three forces.
1 Aboriginal people arrived here around 28 000 BC by crossing over the Bering Strait
2 Charter groups arrived (French and English)
3 The arrival of racial and ethnic minorities who fall outside the charter groups immigrated
Multiculturalism and Canada - Answers -Canada known as cultural mosaic (plural cultural
identities) instead of melting pot (singular cultural identity).
-Canada's first multiculturalism policy in 1971 by Trudeau.
-Immigration Act of 1967 does not discriminate based on race, national origin, religion, or
culture,
-Act for the Preservation and Enhancement of Multiculturalism in Canada (1988) part of
