NURS 316 Midterm Exam Questions and
answers
Stress - ✅✅A state manifested by symptoms that arise from the coordinated
activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems
Allostasis - ✅✅adaptive changes in physiology in attempt to restore
homeostasis
Endocrine response to stress - ✅✅Antidiuretic, vasopressin,
adrenocorticotropic, cortisol, E/NE
Immune response to stress - ✅✅ST: immune cytokines are released (by
macrophages) & enhance immune system response; LT: immunosuppression
Musculoskeletal response to stress - ✅✅Musculoskeletal tension
Endorphines/Enkephalins/Endogenous opioids - ✅✅increase pain threshold &
produce sedation & euphoria
Oxytocin - ✅✅moderates stress response & produces calming effect
Response of Symp NS (ANS) to stress - ✅✅Hypothalamus --CRH--> Symp NS --
NE/E--> increase hr, bp, CO, bld perfusion of skeletal m., bronchial dilation, pupil
dilation, increase bld glucose
Eustress - ✅✅mild, brief, controllable
,Distress - ✅✅severe, protracted, uncontrolled
Homeostasis depends mainly on control system to: - ✅✅Regulate cellular
function, control life processes, integrate organ systems via negative feedback
mechanisms
Neuroendocrine structures related to stress response - ✅✅cerebral cortex,
thalamus, limbic system, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, reticular activating
system
Panic disorder - ✅✅intense, immediate feelings of fear, impending doom,
increased sympathetic effects , assoc w/ major depression
Generalized Anxiety disorder - ✅✅Excessive anxiety lasting >6 mo., excessive &
continuous worry, stress source is ambiguous & diverse, person makes cognitive
errors
GAD activity of serotonergic & noradrenergic NT systems - ✅✅under activation
of serotonergic and overactivation of noradrenergic systems
GAD Treatment - ✅✅Benzodiazepines: increase activity of GABAa receptor
(increase Cl- flow across membrane - hyperpolarize cell & prevent firing)
Phobia - ✅✅excessive, intense, irrational fear related to objects or situations
, Obsessive Compulsive disorder - ✅✅recurrent, intrusive thoughts/behaviors; -
ADL & relationships; dysfunction in PFC, basal ganglia, thalamus; decrease 5HT
activity
Dysthymic disorder - ✅✅mild, chronic depression for more than 2 years
Biologic psychiatry - ✅✅See's mental illness as an anatomical, developmental,
functional disorder of the brain
Psychosocial psychiatry - ✅✅Views mental disorders as consequences of poor
child-rearing or environmental stress
Psychological dependence - ✅✅overwhelming desire to seek out and use drug
but does not suffer any physical consequences when drug is discontinued
Physical dependence - ✅✅Physiological change to nervous system in response
to repeated use of drug; withdrawal symptoms occur if drug is discontinued
3 Inhibitory NT - ✅✅5HT, DA, GABA
3 Excitatory NT - ✅✅NE, Glutamate, Ach
Specificity for receptors - ✅✅Drug prefers a TYPE of receptor (ex. adrenergic
receptors; Ach receptors)
answers
Stress - ✅✅A state manifested by symptoms that arise from the coordinated
activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems
Allostasis - ✅✅adaptive changes in physiology in attempt to restore
homeostasis
Endocrine response to stress - ✅✅Antidiuretic, vasopressin,
adrenocorticotropic, cortisol, E/NE
Immune response to stress - ✅✅ST: immune cytokines are released (by
macrophages) & enhance immune system response; LT: immunosuppression
Musculoskeletal response to stress - ✅✅Musculoskeletal tension
Endorphines/Enkephalins/Endogenous opioids - ✅✅increase pain threshold &
produce sedation & euphoria
Oxytocin - ✅✅moderates stress response & produces calming effect
Response of Symp NS (ANS) to stress - ✅✅Hypothalamus --CRH--> Symp NS --
NE/E--> increase hr, bp, CO, bld perfusion of skeletal m., bronchial dilation, pupil
dilation, increase bld glucose
Eustress - ✅✅mild, brief, controllable
,Distress - ✅✅severe, protracted, uncontrolled
Homeostasis depends mainly on control system to: - ✅✅Regulate cellular
function, control life processes, integrate organ systems via negative feedback
mechanisms
Neuroendocrine structures related to stress response - ✅✅cerebral cortex,
thalamus, limbic system, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, reticular activating
system
Panic disorder - ✅✅intense, immediate feelings of fear, impending doom,
increased sympathetic effects , assoc w/ major depression
Generalized Anxiety disorder - ✅✅Excessive anxiety lasting >6 mo., excessive &
continuous worry, stress source is ambiguous & diverse, person makes cognitive
errors
GAD activity of serotonergic & noradrenergic NT systems - ✅✅under activation
of serotonergic and overactivation of noradrenergic systems
GAD Treatment - ✅✅Benzodiazepines: increase activity of GABAa receptor
(increase Cl- flow across membrane - hyperpolarize cell & prevent firing)
Phobia - ✅✅excessive, intense, irrational fear related to objects or situations
, Obsessive Compulsive disorder - ✅✅recurrent, intrusive thoughts/behaviors; -
ADL & relationships; dysfunction in PFC, basal ganglia, thalamus; decrease 5HT
activity
Dysthymic disorder - ✅✅mild, chronic depression for more than 2 years
Biologic psychiatry - ✅✅See's mental illness as an anatomical, developmental,
functional disorder of the brain
Psychosocial psychiatry - ✅✅Views mental disorders as consequences of poor
child-rearing or environmental stress
Psychological dependence - ✅✅overwhelming desire to seek out and use drug
but does not suffer any physical consequences when drug is discontinued
Physical dependence - ✅✅Physiological change to nervous system in response
to repeated use of drug; withdrawal symptoms occur if drug is discontinued
3 Inhibitory NT - ✅✅5HT, DA, GABA
3 Excitatory NT - ✅✅NE, Glutamate, Ach
Specificity for receptors - ✅✅Drug prefers a TYPE of receptor (ex. adrenergic
receptors; Ach receptors)
