NURS 316 Final Exam Questions and
answers
Neuroendocrine Regulation
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Complex
Negative feedback - ✅✅Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone
(TRH)
THEN
The anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
THEN
The thyroid releases thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Thermostat analogy for negative feedback - ✅✅Have levels of T3 T4 that needs
to work appropriately
Not enough T3 or T4, hypothalamus receives stimulus, it turns on, receives TRH,
travels to pituitary, releases TSH, travels to thyroid
When there is enough T3 or T4, hypothalamus turns off, TRH, TSH decreases
,If the problem is in the TARGET organ, it's called a - ✅✅PRIMARY disorder
If the problem is in the pituitary, it's called a - ✅✅SECONDARY disorder
If the problem is with the hypothalamus, it's called a - ✅✅TERTIARY disorder
If the thyroid gland is destroyed by an autoimmune process and can no longer
produce thyroid hormones, the problem is called - ✅✅PRIMARY
HYPOTHYROIDISM
If the pituitary gland is unable to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) to
stimulate the thyroid to release thyroid hormones, the problem is called -
✅✅SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
What do thyroid hormones effect? - ✅✅METABOLISM
T4 and T4 control gluconeogenesis- AKA creating glucose, increasing blood
glucose,
Also controls protein synthesis, thermogenesis ( controls body temp)
More thyroid hormone we have = hotter we are and vice versa
Increase the rate and contractility of the heart- which means lots of T3 of T4-
creates tachycardia, little T3, T4- creates bradycardia, hypothyroid state= see
bradycardia
,Thyroid Produces - ✅✅Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin)
T4 - ✅✅90% of what is produced in thyroid*
4 iodine molecules attached to hormone
T3 - ✅✅smaller amount, most is from a metabolic conversion of T4, lose an
iodine, become T3
Once t3 and t4 are released, they are bound (attached) to protein, and the free
unbound thyroid hormone is what is active - ✅✅True
Low albumin does what to thyroid hormone - ✅✅= Increased amount of free
active thyroid hormone, because they don't have the protein albumin to bind to,
so there will be a lot of free hormones, then there is sx related to hyperthyroidism
( increasing metabolism)
Calcitonin - ✅✅WORKS TO DECREASE SERUM CALCIUM LEVELS**
Regulated by serum Ca levels
INHIBITS the mobilization of Ca from the bones ( our body pulls Ca from the bones
to increase Ca levels)
, Inhibits pull of Ca from the bones- decreases serum calcium
Body high on Ca, body turns on thyroid to release calcitonin to maintain
homeostasis
Opposes the action of PTH ( this increases serum calcium levels)
Manufacture of thyroid hormone requires 3 things: - ✅✅Protein & iodine
intake
Release of TSH from anterior pituitary
Environmental factors
Factors that ↑ secretion of thyroid hormone - ✅✅Stress
Prolonged exposure to cold Exposure to cold- thyroid hormone increases body
heat, so if cold it will stimulate thyroid
Factors that ↓ secretion of thyroid hormone - ✅✅Prolonged exposure to heat
- body will slow thyroid hormone production to cool body of
Ingestion of certain drugs
salicylates
some antibiotics
sulfonamides
Hyperthyroidism - ✅✅TSH= low
answers
Neuroendocrine Regulation
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Complex
Negative feedback - ✅✅Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone
(TRH)
THEN
The anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
THEN
The thyroid releases thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Thermostat analogy for negative feedback - ✅✅Have levels of T3 T4 that needs
to work appropriately
Not enough T3 or T4, hypothalamus receives stimulus, it turns on, receives TRH,
travels to pituitary, releases TSH, travels to thyroid
When there is enough T3 or T4, hypothalamus turns off, TRH, TSH decreases
,If the problem is in the TARGET organ, it's called a - ✅✅PRIMARY disorder
If the problem is in the pituitary, it's called a - ✅✅SECONDARY disorder
If the problem is with the hypothalamus, it's called a - ✅✅TERTIARY disorder
If the thyroid gland is destroyed by an autoimmune process and can no longer
produce thyroid hormones, the problem is called - ✅✅PRIMARY
HYPOTHYROIDISM
If the pituitary gland is unable to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) to
stimulate the thyroid to release thyroid hormones, the problem is called -
✅✅SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
What do thyroid hormones effect? - ✅✅METABOLISM
T4 and T4 control gluconeogenesis- AKA creating glucose, increasing blood
glucose,
Also controls protein synthesis, thermogenesis ( controls body temp)
More thyroid hormone we have = hotter we are and vice versa
Increase the rate and contractility of the heart- which means lots of T3 of T4-
creates tachycardia, little T3, T4- creates bradycardia, hypothyroid state= see
bradycardia
,Thyroid Produces - ✅✅Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin)
T4 - ✅✅90% of what is produced in thyroid*
4 iodine molecules attached to hormone
T3 - ✅✅smaller amount, most is from a metabolic conversion of T4, lose an
iodine, become T3
Once t3 and t4 are released, they are bound (attached) to protein, and the free
unbound thyroid hormone is what is active - ✅✅True
Low albumin does what to thyroid hormone - ✅✅= Increased amount of free
active thyroid hormone, because they don't have the protein albumin to bind to,
so there will be a lot of free hormones, then there is sx related to hyperthyroidism
( increasing metabolism)
Calcitonin - ✅✅WORKS TO DECREASE SERUM CALCIUM LEVELS**
Regulated by serum Ca levels
INHIBITS the mobilization of Ca from the bones ( our body pulls Ca from the bones
to increase Ca levels)
, Inhibits pull of Ca from the bones- decreases serum calcium
Body high on Ca, body turns on thyroid to release calcitonin to maintain
homeostasis
Opposes the action of PTH ( this increases serum calcium levels)
Manufacture of thyroid hormone requires 3 things: - ✅✅Protein & iodine
intake
Release of TSH from anterior pituitary
Environmental factors
Factors that ↑ secretion of thyroid hormone - ✅✅Stress
Prolonged exposure to cold Exposure to cold- thyroid hormone increases body
heat, so if cold it will stimulate thyroid
Factors that ↓ secretion of thyroid hormone - ✅✅Prolonged exposure to heat
- body will slow thyroid hormone production to cool body of
Ingestion of certain drugs
salicylates
some antibiotics
sulfonamides
Hyperthyroidism - ✅✅TSH= low
