PSY 2012 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
instinct - Answers an inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli also known as
a fixed action pattern.
learning - Answers a relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to
experience
classical conditioning - Answers a type of learning in which associations are formed between
two stimuli that occur sequentially in time
mazwald
operent conditioning - Answers a type of learning in which association are formed between
behaviors and their outcomes
skinner
observational learning - Answers learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions
of another organism also known as social leaning or modeling
extinction - Answers the reduction of a learned response.
spontaneous recovery - Answers during extinction training, the response reappearance of
conditioned responses after periods of rest (reappearance of CR following periods of rest
between extinction training sessions)
imitation - Answers copying behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaniously
memory - Answers the ability to retain knowledge
endcoding - Answers the transformation of information from one form to another
storage - Answers the retention of information
retrieval - Answers the recovery of stored information
sensory memory - Answers the first stage of the atkinson-shiffrin model that holds large
amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time
short-term memory - Answers the second stage of the atkinson-shiffrin model that holds a
small amount of information for a limited time
long-term memory - Answers the final stage of the atkinson-shffrin model that is the location of
permanent memories
declarative memory - Answers a consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize,
including semantic, episodes, and autobiographical information also known as an explicit
, memory
nondeclarative memory - Answers an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is
difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and
priming also known as implicit learning
autobiographical memory - Answers semantic or episodic memories the reference the self
(declarative)
perocedual memory - Answers a nondeclarative or implicit memory for how to carry out skilled
movement (non declarative)
flashbulb memory - Answers an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event
motivating forgetting - Answers failure to retrieve negative memories
Id - Answers the component of sigmund freuds personality theory containing primitive drives
present in birth
ego - Answers the component of sigmund freuds personality theory that is the self that others
see
superego - Answers the component of sigmund freuds personality theory that internalizes
society's rules for right and wrong and conscience
defense mechanism - Answers in sigmund freud's personality theory a protective behavior that
reduces anxiety
big five theory - Answers a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for
most individual differences in personality
openness - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by an appreciation for fantasy,
feelings, actions, ideas, values and aesthetics
conscientiousness - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by competence, order,
dutifulness, achievement striving, self discipline, and deliberation.
extroversion - Answers one of the big five personality trait characterized by warmth,
gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, and positive emotion
agreeableness - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by trustworthiness, altruism,
trust, compliance, modesty, and tender mindedness
neuroticism - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by anxiety, angry hostility,
depression, self consciousness, impulsivity, and vulnerability
temperament - Answers a child's pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness linked
instinct - Answers an inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli also known as
a fixed action pattern.
learning - Answers a relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to
experience
classical conditioning - Answers a type of learning in which associations are formed between
two stimuli that occur sequentially in time
mazwald
operent conditioning - Answers a type of learning in which association are formed between
behaviors and their outcomes
skinner
observational learning - Answers learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions
of another organism also known as social leaning or modeling
extinction - Answers the reduction of a learned response.
spontaneous recovery - Answers during extinction training, the response reappearance of
conditioned responses after periods of rest (reappearance of CR following periods of rest
between extinction training sessions)
imitation - Answers copying behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaniously
memory - Answers the ability to retain knowledge
endcoding - Answers the transformation of information from one form to another
storage - Answers the retention of information
retrieval - Answers the recovery of stored information
sensory memory - Answers the first stage of the atkinson-shiffrin model that holds large
amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time
short-term memory - Answers the second stage of the atkinson-shiffrin model that holds a
small amount of information for a limited time
long-term memory - Answers the final stage of the atkinson-shffrin model that is the location of
permanent memories
declarative memory - Answers a consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize,
including semantic, episodes, and autobiographical information also known as an explicit
, memory
nondeclarative memory - Answers an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is
difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and
priming also known as implicit learning
autobiographical memory - Answers semantic or episodic memories the reference the self
(declarative)
perocedual memory - Answers a nondeclarative or implicit memory for how to carry out skilled
movement (non declarative)
flashbulb memory - Answers an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event
motivating forgetting - Answers failure to retrieve negative memories
Id - Answers the component of sigmund freuds personality theory containing primitive drives
present in birth
ego - Answers the component of sigmund freuds personality theory that is the self that others
see
superego - Answers the component of sigmund freuds personality theory that internalizes
society's rules for right and wrong and conscience
defense mechanism - Answers in sigmund freud's personality theory a protective behavior that
reduces anxiety
big five theory - Answers a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for
most individual differences in personality
openness - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by an appreciation for fantasy,
feelings, actions, ideas, values and aesthetics
conscientiousness - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by competence, order,
dutifulness, achievement striving, self discipline, and deliberation.
extroversion - Answers one of the big five personality trait characterized by warmth,
gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, and positive emotion
agreeableness - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by trustworthiness, altruism,
trust, compliance, modesty, and tender mindedness
neuroticism - Answers a big five personality trait characterized by anxiety, angry hostility,
depression, self consciousness, impulsivity, and vulnerability
temperament - Answers a child's pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness linked
