ALHS 1040 Chapter 8 – Growth & Development
Growth vs. Development
Growth = physical body changes:
o ↑ height, ↑ weight
o Motor & sensory adaptation (movement & senses)
o Development of sex organs
Development = increases in capabilities:
o Cognitive (intellectual): thinking, awareness, learning,
problem solving
o Emotional: range of emotions, coping with stress, self-regulation
o Social: relationships, communication, interacting with others
Key Concepts
Human needs vary by life stage.
Generalizations are helpful but each patient is unique.
Psychosocial development can be delayed if conflicts aren’t resolved.
Regression: under stress, people may revert to earlier behaviors.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
1. Infancy (0–1 yr) – Trust vs. Mistrust
o Rapid physical growth, brain & motor development.
o If needs (food, love, warmth) consistently met → trust in
caregiver.
o If neglected → mistrust, insecurity.
2. Toddler (1–3 yrs) – Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
o Learns independence: walking, toilet training, exploring.
, o Encouragement → confidence & autonomy.
o Overly strict/protective parenting → shame, doubt, inadequacy.
3. Preschool (3–6 yrs) – Initiative vs. Guilt
o Becomes more self-sufficient (dressing, feeding).
o Learns by exploring, asking questions.
o Encouraged initiative → curiosity, ambition.
o Discouraged initiative → guilt, hesitation to try new tasks.
4. School Age (6–12 yrs) – Industry vs. Inferiority
o Logical thinking, problem solving, sense of accomplishment.
o Successful task completion → pride & competence (industry).
o Failure/rejection by peers → inferiority, lack of confidence.
5. Adolescence (12–20 yrs) – Identity vs. Role Confusion
o Puberty, rapid growth, hormonal changes.
o Developing personal identity, values, career/role exploration.
o Success → stable identity.
o Failure → confusion, rebellion, mood swings.
6. Young Adulthood (20s–30s) – Intimacy vs. Isolation
o Physical & cognitive peak.
o Must form deep relationships & commitments.
o Failure → isolation, loneliness, fear of commitment.
7. Middle Adulthood (40–65 yrs) – Generativity vs. Stagnation
o Physical decline begins (slower reflexes, decreased senses).
o Career, parenting, community involvement.
o Success → contribution & productivity (generativity).
o Failure → stagnation, self-absorption, health obsession.
8. Late Adulthood (65+) – Ego Integrity vs. Despair
o Physical decline (muscle, bone, circulation).
Growth vs. Development
Growth = physical body changes:
o ↑ height, ↑ weight
o Motor & sensory adaptation (movement & senses)
o Development of sex organs
Development = increases in capabilities:
o Cognitive (intellectual): thinking, awareness, learning,
problem solving
o Emotional: range of emotions, coping with stress, self-regulation
o Social: relationships, communication, interacting with others
Key Concepts
Human needs vary by life stage.
Generalizations are helpful but each patient is unique.
Psychosocial development can be delayed if conflicts aren’t resolved.
Regression: under stress, people may revert to earlier behaviors.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
1. Infancy (0–1 yr) – Trust vs. Mistrust
o Rapid physical growth, brain & motor development.
o If needs (food, love, warmth) consistently met → trust in
caregiver.
o If neglected → mistrust, insecurity.
2. Toddler (1–3 yrs) – Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
o Learns independence: walking, toilet training, exploring.
, o Encouragement → confidence & autonomy.
o Overly strict/protective parenting → shame, doubt, inadequacy.
3. Preschool (3–6 yrs) – Initiative vs. Guilt
o Becomes more self-sufficient (dressing, feeding).
o Learns by exploring, asking questions.
o Encouraged initiative → curiosity, ambition.
o Discouraged initiative → guilt, hesitation to try new tasks.
4. School Age (6–12 yrs) – Industry vs. Inferiority
o Logical thinking, problem solving, sense of accomplishment.
o Successful task completion → pride & competence (industry).
o Failure/rejection by peers → inferiority, lack of confidence.
5. Adolescence (12–20 yrs) – Identity vs. Role Confusion
o Puberty, rapid growth, hormonal changes.
o Developing personal identity, values, career/role exploration.
o Success → stable identity.
o Failure → confusion, rebellion, mood swings.
6. Young Adulthood (20s–30s) – Intimacy vs. Isolation
o Physical & cognitive peak.
o Must form deep relationships & commitments.
o Failure → isolation, loneliness, fear of commitment.
7. Middle Adulthood (40–65 yrs) – Generativity vs. Stagnation
o Physical decline begins (slower reflexes, decreased senses).
o Career, parenting, community involvement.
o Success → contribution & productivity (generativity).
o Failure → stagnation, self-absorption, health obsession.
8. Late Adulthood (65+) – Ego Integrity vs. Despair
o Physical decline (muscle, bone, circulation).
