National Counselor Exam questions
and correct answers rated A+
Refers to times when there is a high correlation between the concept the test is meant to study
and OTHER constructs. - correct answer ✔✔ Convergent Validation
- Problem identification
- Problem analysis
- Plan implementation
- Problem evaluation
Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in individual,
group, or community settings. Bergen's model uses a BEHAVIORAL APPROACH that emphasizes
the verbal interactions during consultation. Bergan's model also focuses on problem behaviors,
their antecedents, and their consequences. - correct answer ✔✔ Bergan's Behavioral Model of
Consultation - Four Stages:
Aims to describe collected data and includes:
- means
- percentages
- standard deviations
- frequency counts. - correct answer ✔✔ Descriptive statistics
A type of inferential data used to measure the PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the
POPULATION. - correct answer ✔✔ Analysis of variance
- Conformity
,- Dissonance
- Desistance & Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative awareness.
Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant
and minority cultures. - correct answer ✔✔ Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity
Developmental Model?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. - correct answer ✔✔ Four levels of measurement:
Often used with DESCRIPTIVE DATA and should be used with NOMINAL DATA (numbers that
represent a category or quality). Ex: chi-square - correct answer ✔✔ Nonparametric statistical
measures
The range for standard deviation of a z-score is -3.0 to 3.0.
For a z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the raw score is below the
mean, the z-score is negative, and when the raw score is above the mean, the z-score is
positive. - correct answer ✔✔ The typical range for the STANDARD DEVIATION when calculating
a Z-SCORE
To determine whether the mean scores of two groups are significantly different from each other
This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in the second calculation
to find whether the mean scores of the two groups are significantly different from each other. -
correct answer ✔✔ Why might the t-test be used?
The coefficient of NONdetermination is the unique variance.
,To find the coefficient of nondetermination, first find the coefficient of determination by
squaring the correlation (.80 x .80 = .64, or 64%).
Then subtract this from 100% to find the coefficient of NONdetermination (100% - 64% = 36%). -
correct answer ✔✔ Coefficient of nondetermination
Standardized scores are helpful when comparing several different test scores for the same
person, as direct comparisons between different tests are impossible.
Standardizing scores allows for continuity and an equality of units.
The two most common standardized scores are z-scores and T-scores, both of which are
conversions of raw score distributions.
Standardized scores express the person's distance from the MEAN, NOT the median, in terms of
the standard deviation from that standard score distribution. - correct answer ✔✔ Standardized
scores
- Used when the researcher has MORE THAN TWO MEAN SCORES on a SINGLE VARIABLE also
known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance.
- Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls
along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within
the general population. - correct answer ✔✔ Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric statistic)
- Mann-Whitney U test
- Wilcoxen signed-rank test
- Kruskal-Wallis test
, Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls
along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within
the general population. - correct answer ✔✔ Nonparametric statistical measures
Conceptualization -> Development -> Implementation ->Evaluation
It is important to take orderly and careful steps to ensure that the program is thoughtfully
executed. Essential steps in program planning, in order, are conceptualization, which includes
examining broader systems and assessment needs; development of goals and objectives of the
program; implementation; and evaluation of the program, including whether goals and
objectives were met. - correct answer ✔✔ Four steps in the Planning of a Counseling Program
When it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve OR whether
the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population.
Nonparametric statistics are typically used with NOMINAL DATA, when numbers represent a
variable's qualities, and ordinal data, when categories have a definitive order.
Examples of nonparametric statistical measure: Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxen
signed-rank test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. - correct answer ✔✔ When you would use a
nonparametric test?
Variance
Refers to the degree to which scores are different from each other. When measuring variability,
researchers may use standard deviation (SD) to describe the variability within a distribution of
scores. Variance is the square of the standard deviation and is used when conducting statistical
analyses. - correct answer ✔✔ The square of the standard deviation is called __________.
and correct answers rated A+
Refers to times when there is a high correlation between the concept the test is meant to study
and OTHER constructs. - correct answer ✔✔ Convergent Validation
- Problem identification
- Problem analysis
- Plan implementation
- Problem evaluation
Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in individual,
group, or community settings. Bergen's model uses a BEHAVIORAL APPROACH that emphasizes
the verbal interactions during consultation. Bergan's model also focuses on problem behaviors,
their antecedents, and their consequences. - correct answer ✔✔ Bergan's Behavioral Model of
Consultation - Four Stages:
Aims to describe collected data and includes:
- means
- percentages
- standard deviations
- frequency counts. - correct answer ✔✔ Descriptive statistics
A type of inferential data used to measure the PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the
POPULATION. - correct answer ✔✔ Analysis of variance
- Conformity
,- Dissonance
- Desistance & Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative awareness.
Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant
and minority cultures. - correct answer ✔✔ Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity
Developmental Model?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. - correct answer ✔✔ Four levels of measurement:
Often used with DESCRIPTIVE DATA and should be used with NOMINAL DATA (numbers that
represent a category or quality). Ex: chi-square - correct answer ✔✔ Nonparametric statistical
measures
The range for standard deviation of a z-score is -3.0 to 3.0.
For a z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the raw score is below the
mean, the z-score is negative, and when the raw score is above the mean, the z-score is
positive. - correct answer ✔✔ The typical range for the STANDARD DEVIATION when calculating
a Z-SCORE
To determine whether the mean scores of two groups are significantly different from each other
This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in the second calculation
to find whether the mean scores of the two groups are significantly different from each other. -
correct answer ✔✔ Why might the t-test be used?
The coefficient of NONdetermination is the unique variance.
,To find the coefficient of nondetermination, first find the coefficient of determination by
squaring the correlation (.80 x .80 = .64, or 64%).
Then subtract this from 100% to find the coefficient of NONdetermination (100% - 64% = 36%). -
correct answer ✔✔ Coefficient of nondetermination
Standardized scores are helpful when comparing several different test scores for the same
person, as direct comparisons between different tests are impossible.
Standardizing scores allows for continuity and an equality of units.
The two most common standardized scores are z-scores and T-scores, both of which are
conversions of raw score distributions.
Standardized scores express the person's distance from the MEAN, NOT the median, in terms of
the standard deviation from that standard score distribution. - correct answer ✔✔ Standardized
scores
- Used when the researcher has MORE THAN TWO MEAN SCORES on a SINGLE VARIABLE also
known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance.
- Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls
along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within
the general population. - correct answer ✔✔ Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric statistic)
- Mann-Whitney U test
- Wilcoxen signed-rank test
- Kruskal-Wallis test
, Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls
along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within
the general population. - correct answer ✔✔ Nonparametric statistical measures
Conceptualization -> Development -> Implementation ->Evaluation
It is important to take orderly and careful steps to ensure that the program is thoughtfully
executed. Essential steps in program planning, in order, are conceptualization, which includes
examining broader systems and assessment needs; development of goals and objectives of the
program; implementation; and evaluation of the program, including whether goals and
objectives were met. - correct answer ✔✔ Four steps in the Planning of a Counseling Program
When it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve OR whether
the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population.
Nonparametric statistics are typically used with NOMINAL DATA, when numbers represent a
variable's qualities, and ordinal data, when categories have a definitive order.
Examples of nonparametric statistical measure: Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxen
signed-rank test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. - correct answer ✔✔ When you would use a
nonparametric test?
Variance
Refers to the degree to which scores are different from each other. When measuring variability,
researchers may use standard deviation (SD) to describe the variability within a distribution of
scores. Variance is the square of the standard deviation and is used when conducting statistical
analyses. - correct answer ✔✔ The square of the standard deviation is called __________.
