BMSC 207 Mastering A and P Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
Define |interstitial |fluid, |indicating |whether |it |is |inside |(intracellular) |or |outside |(extracellular) |
cells
interstitial |fluid |is |extracellular |fluid |outside |the |circulatory |system |and |the |cells
Which |two |fluid |compartments |make |up |the |extracellular |fluid?
Plasma |and |interstitial |fluid
Glucose |moves |from |the |plasma |into |a |skeletal |muscle |cell, |where |it |is |used |for |energy. |
Through |which |fluid |compartment |does |glucose |move |between |the |plasma |and |the |skeletal |
muscle |cell?
interstitial |fluid
Cell |membranes |are |mainly |made |up |of |__
lipids |and |proteins
Functions |of |the |cell |membrane |include |physical |isolation, |regulation |of |exchange, |structural |
support, |and |which |other |function?
communication |between |the |cell |and |its |environment
Which |of |the |following |phrases |best |defines |something |that |is |hydrophobic? |A |substance |that |
__
does |not |mix |with |water
If |you |were |to |throw |many |phospholipids |into |an |aqueous |solution, |which |of |the |following |
would |you |observe?
Phosphate |heads |and |lipid |tails |would |orient |away |from |each |other, |with |the |phosphate |heads
|facing |either |the |extracellular |or |intracellular |fluid |and |the |tails |facing |each |other.
droplets |of |phospholipids |containing |a |lipid |core/center |are
micelles
,two |rows |of |phospholipids |that |form |a |sheet |with |tails |facing |each |other |and |heads |on |either |
side |facing |the |aqueous |solution |are
bilayer
A |double |membrane |droplet |containing |proteins |along |the |center |and |an |aqueous |core |are
liposomes
The |cell |membrane |is |made |up |of |many |different |kinds |of |proteins. |These |proteins |can |be |
classified |as |either |peripheral, |transmembrane, |or |lipid-anchored |proteins. |Regardless |of |their |
classification, |these |proteins |all |play |an |important |role |in |the |function |and |integrity |of |a |cell. |
Which |of |the |following |properly |describes |the |function |of |membrane |proteins?
to |allow |for |cell-cell |communication
to |serve |as |a |channel |for |the |transport |of |molecules |between |extracellular |and |intracellular |
fluid
to |provide |structural |stability |for |the |cell
to |combine |with |a |carbohydrate, |providing |an |immune |response |and/or |cell |recognition
You |decide |to |further |analyze |the |nature |of |the |proteins |found |within |the |membrane |of |the |
skeletal |muscle |cell |that |you |extracted. |You |find |that |this |cell |lacks |transmembrane |proteins. |
Which |loss |of |function |would |you |expect |to |observe |in |this |cell |based |on |this |observation?
an |inability |to |transport |ions, |nutrients, |and |other |substances |across |the |membrane
The |fluid |compartments |of |the |human |body |are |in |osmotic |equilibrium. |This |means |that |the |
ICF |and |the |ECF |have |the |same |total |solute |concentrations, |despite |the |differences |in |their |
specific |solute |composition. |Osmotic |equilibrium |occurs |because |water |passes |freely |through |
cell |membranes |using |open |channels |or |the |water |channels |called |aquaporins.
If |the |osmolarity |in |one |compartment |changes, |water |moves |by |osmosis |to |bring |the |two |
compartments |back |to |osmotic |equilibrium. |Water |moves |down |its |own |gradient |into |the |
compartment |with |the |higher |osmolarity |until |both |compartments |have |the |same |solute-to-
volume |ratio |(or |osmolarity).
Which |of |the |following |statements |correctly |describes |the |relationship |between |intracellular |
fluid |(ICF) |and |extracellular |fluid |(ECF)?
The |types |of |solutes |and |their |distribution |between |the |ICF |and |ECF |are |not |the |same.
Part |complete
Osmolarity |is |a |way |of |expressing |solute |concentration |taking |into |account |whether |or |not |the
|solute |in |question |dissociates |into |ions |when |dissolved |in |water. |For |example, |suppose |a |
,hypothetical |salt, |AB, |completely |dissociates |into |A+ |and |B- |in |water. |One |mole |of |AB |in |water |
would |be |one |molar |(1 |M), |but |it |would |be |2 |osmolar |(2 |OsM) |solution, |because |there |would |
be |1 |mole |of |each |ion |dissolved |in |that |solution. |Thus, |osmolarity |is |the |measure |of |the |
number |of |solutes |per |volume |of |solution. |Some |salts, |like |NaCl, |will |incompletely |dissociate |
into |their |respective |ions |when |dissolved |in |water. |Using |the |same |principles, |one |mole |of |
NaCl |dissolved |in |a |liter |of |water |would |become |a |1 |molar |(1 |M) |NaCl |solution, |but |would |also
|be |a |1.8 |osmolar |(1.8 |OsM) |solution. |In |the |human |body, |we |express |this |concentration |in |
milliosmoles |per |liter |(mOsM).
Presuming |that |the |salts |listed |below |completely |dissociate |in |water, |which |of |the |following |
solutions |below |has |the |highest |osmolarity?
7 |mM |sodium |chloride |(NaCl)
You |have |three |separate |beakers, |each |containing |the |following |osmolarities:
A. |10 |OsM
B. |13 |OsM
C. |7 |OsM
How |would |you |describe |the |osmolarity |of |beaker |A |relative |to |beaker |B?
Beaker |A |is |hyposmotic |to |beaker |B.
Using |the |same |beakers |as |Part |E, |how |would |you |describe |the |osmolarity |of |beaker |B |relative
|to |beaker |C?
Beaker |B |is |hyperosmotic |to |beaker |C.
You |have |a |total |body |concentration |of |300 |mOsM |and |total |body |volume |of |3 |liters. |If |you |
add |0.5 |L |of |a |solution |containing |150 |mosmol |of |NaCl |to |the |body, |what |would |the |new |total |
body |concentration |be?
300 |mOsM
If |a |swimmer |cuts |his |foot |on |a |seashell |while |wading |in |the |ocean |and |bleeds |into |the |
seawater, |his |erythrocytes |will |shrink. |What |does |this |tell |us |about |the |relative |tonicities |of |
the |solutions?
The |ocean |is |hypertonic |to |the |erythrocytes.
Where |is |most |of |the |water |in |the |body |located?
Intracellular |fluid
, The |tonicity |of |a |solution |depends |only |upon |the |__________.
concentration |of |non-penetrating |solutes
What |will |occur |if |solution |A, |containing |400 |mosmol/L |nonpenetrating |solute, |were |separated
|by |a |biological |membrane |from |solution |B, |containing |600 |mosmol/L |nonpenetrating |solute?
The |volume |of |B |would |increase.
How |can |a |solution |be |hyperosmotic |but |hypotonic?
If |the |concentration |of |nonpenetrating |solutes |is |less |in |the |solution |than |in |a |cell
Which |body |fluid |compartment |has |the |smallest |volume?
plasma
How |does |the |intracellular |fluid |compartment |differ |from |the |extracellular |fluid |compartment?
There |is |a |higher |concentration |of |potassium |ions |inside |the |cell |than |in |the |extracellular |
space.
What |will |happen |to |the |cells |of |a |patient |who |is |given |an |intravenous |(IV) |solution |that |is |
isosmotic |to |intracellular |fluids?
The |question |cannot |be |answered |with |certainty |without |knowing |which |solutes |are |present |
in |the |IV |solution.
Which |type |of |membrane |transport |generally |requires |that |the |transported |substance |dissolve
|in |the |lipid |membrane?
Simple |diffusion
Water |molecules |can |cross |a |cell |membrane |to |enter |a |cell |by |several |different |mechanisms. |
Which |answer |choice |is |NOT |a |main |way |that |water |is |transported |into |a |cell?
Active |transport
Part |complete
What |must |be |true |for |diffusion |of |a |solute |to |occur |across |a |partition |that |separates |two |
compartments?
The |partition |must |be |permeable |to |the |solute.
Questions With Correct Answers
Define |interstitial |fluid, |indicating |whether |it |is |inside |(intracellular) |or |outside |(extracellular) |
cells
interstitial |fluid |is |extracellular |fluid |outside |the |circulatory |system |and |the |cells
Which |two |fluid |compartments |make |up |the |extracellular |fluid?
Plasma |and |interstitial |fluid
Glucose |moves |from |the |plasma |into |a |skeletal |muscle |cell, |where |it |is |used |for |energy. |
Through |which |fluid |compartment |does |glucose |move |between |the |plasma |and |the |skeletal |
muscle |cell?
interstitial |fluid
Cell |membranes |are |mainly |made |up |of |__
lipids |and |proteins
Functions |of |the |cell |membrane |include |physical |isolation, |regulation |of |exchange, |structural |
support, |and |which |other |function?
communication |between |the |cell |and |its |environment
Which |of |the |following |phrases |best |defines |something |that |is |hydrophobic? |A |substance |that |
__
does |not |mix |with |water
If |you |were |to |throw |many |phospholipids |into |an |aqueous |solution, |which |of |the |following |
would |you |observe?
Phosphate |heads |and |lipid |tails |would |orient |away |from |each |other, |with |the |phosphate |heads
|facing |either |the |extracellular |or |intracellular |fluid |and |the |tails |facing |each |other.
droplets |of |phospholipids |containing |a |lipid |core/center |are
micelles
,two |rows |of |phospholipids |that |form |a |sheet |with |tails |facing |each |other |and |heads |on |either |
side |facing |the |aqueous |solution |are
bilayer
A |double |membrane |droplet |containing |proteins |along |the |center |and |an |aqueous |core |are
liposomes
The |cell |membrane |is |made |up |of |many |different |kinds |of |proteins. |These |proteins |can |be |
classified |as |either |peripheral, |transmembrane, |or |lipid-anchored |proteins. |Regardless |of |their |
classification, |these |proteins |all |play |an |important |role |in |the |function |and |integrity |of |a |cell. |
Which |of |the |following |properly |describes |the |function |of |membrane |proteins?
to |allow |for |cell-cell |communication
to |serve |as |a |channel |for |the |transport |of |molecules |between |extracellular |and |intracellular |
fluid
to |provide |structural |stability |for |the |cell
to |combine |with |a |carbohydrate, |providing |an |immune |response |and/or |cell |recognition
You |decide |to |further |analyze |the |nature |of |the |proteins |found |within |the |membrane |of |the |
skeletal |muscle |cell |that |you |extracted. |You |find |that |this |cell |lacks |transmembrane |proteins. |
Which |loss |of |function |would |you |expect |to |observe |in |this |cell |based |on |this |observation?
an |inability |to |transport |ions, |nutrients, |and |other |substances |across |the |membrane
The |fluid |compartments |of |the |human |body |are |in |osmotic |equilibrium. |This |means |that |the |
ICF |and |the |ECF |have |the |same |total |solute |concentrations, |despite |the |differences |in |their |
specific |solute |composition. |Osmotic |equilibrium |occurs |because |water |passes |freely |through |
cell |membranes |using |open |channels |or |the |water |channels |called |aquaporins.
If |the |osmolarity |in |one |compartment |changes, |water |moves |by |osmosis |to |bring |the |two |
compartments |back |to |osmotic |equilibrium. |Water |moves |down |its |own |gradient |into |the |
compartment |with |the |higher |osmolarity |until |both |compartments |have |the |same |solute-to-
volume |ratio |(or |osmolarity).
Which |of |the |following |statements |correctly |describes |the |relationship |between |intracellular |
fluid |(ICF) |and |extracellular |fluid |(ECF)?
The |types |of |solutes |and |their |distribution |between |the |ICF |and |ECF |are |not |the |same.
Part |complete
Osmolarity |is |a |way |of |expressing |solute |concentration |taking |into |account |whether |or |not |the
|solute |in |question |dissociates |into |ions |when |dissolved |in |water. |For |example, |suppose |a |
,hypothetical |salt, |AB, |completely |dissociates |into |A+ |and |B- |in |water. |One |mole |of |AB |in |water |
would |be |one |molar |(1 |M), |but |it |would |be |2 |osmolar |(2 |OsM) |solution, |because |there |would |
be |1 |mole |of |each |ion |dissolved |in |that |solution. |Thus, |osmolarity |is |the |measure |of |the |
number |of |solutes |per |volume |of |solution. |Some |salts, |like |NaCl, |will |incompletely |dissociate |
into |their |respective |ions |when |dissolved |in |water. |Using |the |same |principles, |one |mole |of |
NaCl |dissolved |in |a |liter |of |water |would |become |a |1 |molar |(1 |M) |NaCl |solution, |but |would |also
|be |a |1.8 |osmolar |(1.8 |OsM) |solution. |In |the |human |body, |we |express |this |concentration |in |
milliosmoles |per |liter |(mOsM).
Presuming |that |the |salts |listed |below |completely |dissociate |in |water, |which |of |the |following |
solutions |below |has |the |highest |osmolarity?
7 |mM |sodium |chloride |(NaCl)
You |have |three |separate |beakers, |each |containing |the |following |osmolarities:
A. |10 |OsM
B. |13 |OsM
C. |7 |OsM
How |would |you |describe |the |osmolarity |of |beaker |A |relative |to |beaker |B?
Beaker |A |is |hyposmotic |to |beaker |B.
Using |the |same |beakers |as |Part |E, |how |would |you |describe |the |osmolarity |of |beaker |B |relative
|to |beaker |C?
Beaker |B |is |hyperosmotic |to |beaker |C.
You |have |a |total |body |concentration |of |300 |mOsM |and |total |body |volume |of |3 |liters. |If |you |
add |0.5 |L |of |a |solution |containing |150 |mosmol |of |NaCl |to |the |body, |what |would |the |new |total |
body |concentration |be?
300 |mOsM
If |a |swimmer |cuts |his |foot |on |a |seashell |while |wading |in |the |ocean |and |bleeds |into |the |
seawater, |his |erythrocytes |will |shrink. |What |does |this |tell |us |about |the |relative |tonicities |of |
the |solutions?
The |ocean |is |hypertonic |to |the |erythrocytes.
Where |is |most |of |the |water |in |the |body |located?
Intracellular |fluid
, The |tonicity |of |a |solution |depends |only |upon |the |__________.
concentration |of |non-penetrating |solutes
What |will |occur |if |solution |A, |containing |400 |mosmol/L |nonpenetrating |solute, |were |separated
|by |a |biological |membrane |from |solution |B, |containing |600 |mosmol/L |nonpenetrating |solute?
The |volume |of |B |would |increase.
How |can |a |solution |be |hyperosmotic |but |hypotonic?
If |the |concentration |of |nonpenetrating |solutes |is |less |in |the |solution |than |in |a |cell
Which |body |fluid |compartment |has |the |smallest |volume?
plasma
How |does |the |intracellular |fluid |compartment |differ |from |the |extracellular |fluid |compartment?
There |is |a |higher |concentration |of |potassium |ions |inside |the |cell |than |in |the |extracellular |
space.
What |will |happen |to |the |cells |of |a |patient |who |is |given |an |intravenous |(IV) |solution |that |is |
isosmotic |to |intracellular |fluids?
The |question |cannot |be |answered |with |certainty |without |knowing |which |solutes |are |present |
in |the |IV |solution.
Which |type |of |membrane |transport |generally |requires |that |the |transported |substance |dissolve
|in |the |lipid |membrane?
Simple |diffusion
Water |molecules |can |cross |a |cell |membrane |to |enter |a |cell |by |several |different |mechanisms. |
Which |answer |choice |is |NOT |a |main |way |that |water |is |transported |into |a |cell?
Active |transport
Part |complete
What |must |be |true |for |diffusion |of |a |solute |to |occur |across |a |partition |that |separates |two |
compartments?
The |partition |must |be |permeable |to |the |solute.
