SolutionManualfor
c c
StatisticsforNursing
c c
ResearchA
c c
Workbookfor
c c
Evidence-Based
c
Practice3rdEdition
c c c
SusanGroveDaisha
c c c
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c c c c c c
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels c
1
c
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
c c c
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
c c c c
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
c c c c c c c
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rationale for your answer.
c c c c
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
c c c c c c c c c c c c
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Grove & Gray, 2019).
c c c c
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
foryour answer.
c c c
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
thissample.
c c
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Knapp, 2017).
c c
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:What c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
category identifies your current income as an RN?
c c c c c c c c
a. Less than $50,000
c c c
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c c c
c. $60,000 to 69,999
c c c
d. $70,000 to 80,000
c c c
e. $80,000 or greater
c c c
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
AG 1-1 c
,AG 1-2 c Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c c c c c c
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
2017).
c
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
c c c c c c c c c c c c
cscoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
this result.
c c
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects were
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
c c c c c c c c
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
(%).
c
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cfollowing formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 c c c c c c c c c c c c c
patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were not treated with an antidepressant.
c c c c c c
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
clinical practice?
c c
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of thec c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
statusof cardiac patients.
c c c c
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
c c c c c c AG 1-3 c
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
c c c c c c c c c c c c
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as
c c c c c c c c c c c c
means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c
c c
StatisticsforNursing
c c
ResearchA
c c
Workbookfor
c c
Evidence-Based
c
Practice3rdEdition
c c c
SusanGroveDaisha
c c c
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c c c c c c
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels c
1
c
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
c c c
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
c c c c
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
c c c c c c c
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rationale for your answer.
c c c c
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
c c c c c c c c c c c c
categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1;
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Grove & Gray, 2019).
c c c c
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
foryour answer.
c c c
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
thissample.
c c
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Knapp, 2017).
c c
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:What c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
category identifies your current income as an RN?
c c c c c c c c
a. Less than $50,000
c c c
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c c c
c. $60,000 to 69,999
c c c
d. $70,000 to 80,000
c c c
e. $80,000 or greater
c c c
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
AG 1-1 c
,AG 1-2 c Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded c c c c c c
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
2017).
c
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
c c c c c c c c c c c
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
c c c c c c c c c c c c
cscoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
this result.
c c
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects were
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
c c c c c c c c
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
(%).
c
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
cfollowing formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 c c c c c c c c c c c c c
patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
were not treated with an antidepressant.
c c c c c c
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
clinical practice?
c c
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of thec c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
statusof cardiac patients.
c c c c
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
c c c c c c AG 1-3 c
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
c c c c c c c c c c c c
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as
c c c c c c c c c c c c
means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
c c c c c c c c c c c
