NURS 6501N | UP-TO-DATE PROFESSIONAL PATHOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+| BRAND NEW!

What is a morphological change associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism? - Answer Increased Chief Cells Which of the following is not a risk factor of decreased Lower Esophagus Sphincters LES tone? - Answer Regular exercise What are lifestyle modifications for managing GERD? - Answer -Avoid eating within 3 hours before bedtime -Weight loss -Elevate the head of the bed -Avoid triggers (e.g., alcohol and coffee) What is medical therapy for managing GERD? - Answer - Antacids -Histamine receptor (H2) antagonists -Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) - Surveillance for malignancy What is a surgical management for GERD? - Answer Fundoplication What protein triggers an immune response in celiac disease? - Answer Gluten Common symptoms of celiac disease? - Answer diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss What is the function of the gallbladder - Answer stores and concentrates bile What are the two main types of gallstones - Answer cholesterol and pigment What is biliary colic? - Answer pain in the epigastric region or RUQ that radiates to the right scapula or shoulder; indicative of cholecystitis What are the risk factors of developing gallstone - Answer Lifestyle factors like obesity, high fat diet, medical factors like DM, cirrhosis, and female over 40 of native Americans and Mexican decent, family history What are the diet recommendations for gallbladder health? - Answer Avoid high fat, greasy and fried foods A 54 year old man presented to the clinic with epiga - Answer What is the most common histology of gastric cancer? - Answer Adenocarcinoma What is the most common type of gastric adenocarcinoma? - Answer Intestinal type What are the initial 3 pathophysiologic steps leading to gastric cancer? - Answer Injury, inflammation, proliferation What is not a typical symptom of gastric cancer? - Answer Constipation What is a possible sign of gastric cancer? - Answer Virchow node What is the preferred diagnostic test for gastric cancer? - Answer EGD What is the typical treatment for nonmetastatic gastric cancer - Answer Chemotherapy and surgery What is the 5 year survival of gastric cancer? - Answer 30% What is the most common causes of medication induced esophagus? - Answer NSAIDS What is the most common causes of infectious esophagitis? - Answer Cytomegalovirus What is an important component in the management of eosinophilic esophagitis? - Answer Steroids A 48 year old man presented to the clinic for difficulty swallowing for the past week. He complains of progress worsening chest pain when swallowing solids or liquids. - Answer Esophageal candidiasis Eukaryotes - Answer have membrane-bound intracellular compartments (organelles) that includes a well defined nucleus. cells that bind with DNA and are involved in supercoiling of DNA prokaryotes - Answer no organelles, nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane. Nuclei of cells carry genetic information in a single circular chromosome and they lack histones process of differentiation - Answer cells become specialized and mature so that some cells eventually perform one kind of function and the other cells perform other functions eight chief cellular functions - Answer Movement- Muscles cells can generate forces that produce motion. Conductivity - conduction as a response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation, an electrical potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts. Metabolic absorption - all cells can take in and use nutrient and other substances from their surroundings. Secretion - Certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthetize new substances from substances that absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve as needed elsewhere. Excretion - all cells can rid themselves of wasted products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients. Respiration - cells can absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy in the from of ATP. Reproduction - Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves. Even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells that are lost normally through cellular death. Communication - communication is vital for cells to survive as a society of cells. Nucleus - Answer is surrounded by the cytoplasm and is located in the center of the cell, is the largest membrane-bound organelle. the primary function of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information. other functions include replication and repair of DNA and the transcription of the information stored in DNA. Nucleolus - Answer small dense structure composed largely of ribonucleic acid Cytoplasm - Answer aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the cytoplasmic matrix - the space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane. Cytosol - Answer solution within the cytoplasm, represents about half of the volume of an eukaryotic cell. Contains thousands of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism and is crowded with ribosomes making proteins. Newly made proteins remain in the cytosol if they lack a signal for transport to a cell organelle. Plasma Membranes - Answer they control composition of the space or compartments they enclose. play an important role in cell-to-cell recognition. Major chemical components are lipids and proteins. Caveolae - Answer tiny caves that serve as storage site for many receptors and provide a route for transport into the cell Lipids - Answer basic component of the plasma membrane is a bilayer of lipid molecules - phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Responsible for the structural integrity of the membrane. Proteins - Answer made from a chain of amino acids, known as polypeptides. 20 types of amino acids in proteins Proteins act as: - Answer 1. recognitions and binding units (receptors) for substances moving into and out of the cell 2. pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles, called ions or electrolytes, and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides 3. Specific enzymes that drive active pumps to promote concentration of certain ions, particularly potassium, within the cell while keeping concentrations of other ions such as sodium below concentrations found in the extracellular environment 4. cell surface markers such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates) that identify a cell to its neighbor 5. cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) or proteins that allow cells to hook together and form attachments of the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape 6. catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose Carbohydrates - Answer oligosaccharides contained within the plasma membrane are generally bound to membrane proteins and lipids. What is the primary mechanism of GERD? - Answer Reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, due to decreased lower esophagus sphincter Which symptoms is typically associated with GERD? - Answer Globus sensation What is the genetic risk factor for ulcerative colitis? - Answer HLA-B27 What is an extra intestinal symptom of ulcerative colitis? - Answer Osteoporosis What is NOT typically part of the management of ulcerative colitis? - Answer PDL1 inhibitors What is the age distribution of ulcerative colitis? - Answer Bimodal distribution; 15 - 35 and 50 - 70 years old How does DNA replicate? - Answer DNA molecule unwinds and each strand is a template for complementary base pairing; each daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand therefore DNA replication is semiconservative What are the four phases of the cell cycle? - Answer (1) the S phase, during which DNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus; (2) the G2 phase, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); (3) the M phase, which involves both nuclear (mitotic) and cytoplasmic (cytokinetic) division; and (4) the G1 phase (growth phase), after which the cycle begins again. What are the four stages of the M phase (Mitosis)? - Answer prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. What is DNA composed of? - Answer deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule, and four types of nitrogenous bases. The physical structure of DNA is a double helix What does DNA polymerase do? - Answer Joins individual nucleotides to make complementary strands and proofreads the sequence of bases and corrects errors What is transcription? - Answer The process of making RNA from DNA What is translation? - Answer the decoding of an ...