COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
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1. The study of moral values and principles that guide our actions and decisions is known as:
A) Metaphysics
B) Epistemology
C) Ethics
D) Aesthetics
2. The philosophical view that moral truths are objective and universal, not dependent on
human opinions, is known as:
A) Moral Relativism
B) Moral Absolutism
C) Emotivism
D) Egoism
3. "The greatest happiness for the greatest number" is the central principle of:
A) Deontology
B) Virtue Ethics
C) Utilitarianism
D) Divine Command Theory
4. According to Immanuel Kant, the only thing that is good without qualification is:
A) Intelligence
B) Pleasure
C) A good will
D) Power
5. Kant's concept that we should act only according to principles that we could will to become
universal laws is called:
,A) The Principle of Utility
B) The Categorical Imperative
C) The Golden Mean
D) The Social Contract
6. Aristotle's ethical theory focuses on the development of character and the cultivation of:
A) Duties
B) Virtues
C) Rights
D) Pleasures
7. For Aristotle, the ultimate goal of human life is:
A) Wealth
B) Honor
C) Eudaimonia (flourishing)
D) Power
8. The ethical theory that claims an action is right if it promotes the individual's own interests
is:
A) Altruism
B) Utilitarianism
C) Ethical Egoism
D) Stoicism
9. "The unexamined life is not worth living" is a statement attributed to:
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Epicurus
10. A moral theory that emphasizes the consequences of actions in determining their morality
is:
A) Consequentialism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue Ethics
D) Relativism
11. John Stuart Mill was a primary advocate of which type of utilitarianism?
A) Act Utilitarianism
B) Rule Utilitarianism
, C) Preference Utilitarianism
D) Hedonistic Utilitarianism
12. The idea that the rightness of an action is determined by its adherence to a set of rules or
duties is central to:
A) Consequentialism
B) Deontology
C) Virtue Ethics
D) Pragmatism
13. Thomas Hobbes argued that in a "state of nature," life would be:
A) Peaceful and cooperative
B) "Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
C) Governed by natural virtue
D) A paradise
14. John Locke's theory of natural rights includes:
A) Life, Liberty, and Property
B) Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
C) Equality, Fraternity, Liberty
D) Security, Order, Obedience
15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's concept of the "general will" refers to:
A) The will of the majority
B) The will of the ruling class
C) The common good or public interest
D) The individual's selfish desires
16. The "veil of ignorance" is a thought experiment designed by John Rawls to ensure:
A) Maximum utility
B) Fairness and justice in principles
C) Absolute equality of outcome
D) The primacy of virtue
17. Rawls' two principles of justice include the liberty principle and the:
A) Principle of utility
B) Difference principle
C) Categorical imperative
D) Principle of double effect