PSYCH 1X03 Midterm Test Questions Answered Correctly Latest Version 2025-2026
descriptive statistics - Answers Presents Data at a glace
Histogram - Answers Type of graph used to report the number of times groups of values appear
in a data set
frequency distribution - Answers Graph illustrating the distribution of how frequently values
appear in a data set
Normal Distribution - Answers Smooth, symmetrical bell-shaped curve containing a single peak
Standard deviation - Answers A measure of the average between the data points from the mean
inferential statistics - Answers Statistics that allow us to use results from samples to make
inferences about overall, underlying populations
T-test - Answers Statistical test that considers each data point from both groups to calculate
probability that 2 samples were drawn from the same population
P-Value - Answers A value expressing the probability calculated by the T-test
> 5% P-value - Answers Not significant P-value
<0.05 P-value - Answers Significant P-value
Statistical Significance - Answers When difference between 2 groups is due to come true
differences between properties of the 2 groups and not simply due to random variation
R = 1 - Answers perfect positive correlation
r=-1 - Answers perfect negative correlation
Correlation is... - Answers 1. not always meaningful
2. correlation is not always causation
independent variable - Answers Variable manipulated by scientists
dependent variable - Answers variable being observed by scientists
Practice effect - Answers Improved performance over the course of an experiment due to
becoming more experienced
between-subjects design - Answers when one group acts as the control group
Confounding Variable - Answers a variable other than the independent variable that has an
, effect on the results
random sample - Answers a sample at random from the entire population, reducing the chance
of bias
random assignment - Answers assigning subjects to either experimental or control groups at
random, avoiding biases
Participant bias - Answers When a participant's actions in an experiment influence the results
outside of the manipulation of the experiment
Blinding - Answers when participatnt do not know whether they belong to experimental or
control groupd
experimental Bias - Answers Actions by the experimenter, intentionally or not, to promote the
results they hope to achieve
double-blind studies - Answers Experiments in which neither the participants nor the people
analyzing the results know who is in the control group
classical conditioning - Answers the learning of a contingency between a particular signal and a
later event that are paired in time and/or space
non-associative learning - Answers Information about one external stimulus
Habituation - Answers A decrease in behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus
Sensitization - Answers an increase in behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus
Associative learning - Answers Learning how 2 or more pieces of information are related
Operant Conditioning - Answers Learning that behaviour leads to a specific outcome
Long-term Potentiation (LTP) - Answers strengthening of a synaptic connection between
neurons
contingent relationship - Answers When an organizm learns the association between a signal
and an event
Conditions of a contingent relationship - Answers Maintained as long as the conditional
stimulus continues to be a reliable cue for the unconditional stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - Answers Unconditionally and automatically triggers a response in
the absence of learning
Example of Unconditioned Stimulus - Answers food
unconditioned response (UR) - Answers Specific response that an unconditioned stimulus
descriptive statistics - Answers Presents Data at a glace
Histogram - Answers Type of graph used to report the number of times groups of values appear
in a data set
frequency distribution - Answers Graph illustrating the distribution of how frequently values
appear in a data set
Normal Distribution - Answers Smooth, symmetrical bell-shaped curve containing a single peak
Standard deviation - Answers A measure of the average between the data points from the mean
inferential statistics - Answers Statistics that allow us to use results from samples to make
inferences about overall, underlying populations
T-test - Answers Statistical test that considers each data point from both groups to calculate
probability that 2 samples were drawn from the same population
P-Value - Answers A value expressing the probability calculated by the T-test
> 5% P-value - Answers Not significant P-value
<0.05 P-value - Answers Significant P-value
Statistical Significance - Answers When difference between 2 groups is due to come true
differences between properties of the 2 groups and not simply due to random variation
R = 1 - Answers perfect positive correlation
r=-1 - Answers perfect negative correlation
Correlation is... - Answers 1. not always meaningful
2. correlation is not always causation
independent variable - Answers Variable manipulated by scientists
dependent variable - Answers variable being observed by scientists
Practice effect - Answers Improved performance over the course of an experiment due to
becoming more experienced
between-subjects design - Answers when one group acts as the control group
Confounding Variable - Answers a variable other than the independent variable that has an
, effect on the results
random sample - Answers a sample at random from the entire population, reducing the chance
of bias
random assignment - Answers assigning subjects to either experimental or control groups at
random, avoiding biases
Participant bias - Answers When a participant's actions in an experiment influence the results
outside of the manipulation of the experiment
Blinding - Answers when participatnt do not know whether they belong to experimental or
control groupd
experimental Bias - Answers Actions by the experimenter, intentionally or not, to promote the
results they hope to achieve
double-blind studies - Answers Experiments in which neither the participants nor the people
analyzing the results know who is in the control group
classical conditioning - Answers the learning of a contingency between a particular signal and a
later event that are paired in time and/or space
non-associative learning - Answers Information about one external stimulus
Habituation - Answers A decrease in behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus
Sensitization - Answers an increase in behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus
Associative learning - Answers Learning how 2 or more pieces of information are related
Operant Conditioning - Answers Learning that behaviour leads to a specific outcome
Long-term Potentiation (LTP) - Answers strengthening of a synaptic connection between
neurons
contingent relationship - Answers When an organizm learns the association between a signal
and an event
Conditions of a contingent relationship - Answers Maintained as long as the conditional
stimulus continues to be a reliable cue for the unconditional stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - Answers Unconditionally and automatically triggers a response in
the absence of learning
Example of Unconditioned Stimulus - Answers food
unconditioned response (UR) - Answers Specific response that an unconditioned stimulus
