A&P 2 Exam Study Guide: Kidney & Reproductive System Q&A | 100% CORRECT!!
Retro; left (bc liver is on right side) ✔️✔️Kidneys are ____-peritoneal and the ___ kidney is higher
Renal arteries ✔️✔️Which blood vessels supply blood to the kidneys?
Abdominal aorta ✔️✔️Where do renal arteries originate from?
Renal veins; inferior vena cava ✔️✔️_____ drain blood from the kidneys and bring it to the _____
Hilum ✔️✔️Point of entrance for blood vessels in the kidney
Ureters; urinary bladder ✔️✔️What are the vessels that drain urine from the kidneys? And where does
the filtrate go?
Urinary bladder ✔️✔️Fxn is to store and expel urine
Ureters ✔️✔️How does urine leave the urinary bladder
Anterior ✔️✔️Is urinary bladder posterior or anterior to rectum
Inferior ✔️✔️Is urinary bladder superior or inferior to uterus
Superficial cortex and deep medulla ✔️✔️What are 2 main anatomical layers forming kidney?
Renal columns ✔️✔️What are main macroscopic structural elements of cortex?
Renal pyramids ✔️✔️What are main macroscopic structural elements of medulla?
Renal pyramids ✔️✔️Fxn is to produce concentrated urine
Renal papilla ✔️✔️Tip of a renal pyramid
Minor calyx ✔️✔️Cavity at renal Papilla
Major calyx ✔️✔️Cavity that collects urine from minor calyces
Renal pelvis ✔️✔️Cavity at entrance to ureters
Renal pyramid (papilla) —> minor calyx —> major calyx —> renal pelvis —> ureters ✔️✔️What is route if
urine flow from medulla to ureters
Nephron ✔️✔️What's main fxnl unit of kidney?
Nephron ✔️✔️It's main parts are glomerulus and glomerular capsule, PCT, nephron loop, and DCT
Filtration ✔️✔️Process that occurs in glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Glomerular capillaries —> glomerular capsule —> PCT —> NL —> DCT —> collecting duct —> renal
papilla —> minor calyx —> major calyx —> renal pelvis —> ureters ✔️✔️What's pathway for filtrate thru
nephron and kidney structures after it?
, Filtration, reabsorption,
and secretion ✔️✔️3 main steps of urine formation
Filtration ✔️✔️Process from blood to filtrate with a lot of water and small molecules; highly regulated
Reabsorption ✔️✔️Process from filtrate to blood; brings back almost everything; highly regulated
Secretion ✔️✔️Process from blood to filtrate; very specific
Glomerulus ✔️✔️Where does filtration occur
Filtration ✔️✔️When water and small molecules are filtered from glomerular capillaries into glomerular
capsule
No, only plasma components are ✔️✔️Are blood cells and proteins filtered?
Tubular system ✔️✔️Where does reabsorption occur
Reabsorption ✔️✔️Almost all water and small molecules return into blood in Peritubular capillaries
mostly in DCT ✔️✔️Where does secretion occur
Secretion ✔️✔️Specific molecules (mostly organic) and some ions are secreted from plasma into filtrate
Cortical and juxtamedulla ✔️✔️2 major types of nephrons in kidneys
Cortical ✔️✔️Nephron mainly responsible for electrolyte and acid-base balance
Peritubular capillaries ✔️✔️Name for capillaries around tubules of a cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary ✔️✔️Nephron responsible for production of concentrated urine (water Reabsorption)
Vasa vecta ✔️✔️Name of capillaries around juxtamedullary nephron loop
Glomerular capillaries and glomerular capsule ✔️✔️What are main structural elements of glomerulus ?
Afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole ✔️✔️Which arteriole is delivering blood to glomerulus? Which is
draining blood from it?
Bigger ✔️✔️Diameter of afferent arteriole is ____ than that of efferent arteriole
High BP in glomerular capillaries ✔️✔️What's physiological consequence of difference in diameter b/w
afferent and efferent arterioles?
NFP = HPc - OPc - HPgc ✔️✔️What's equation for net filtration pressure?
HPc ✔️✔️Pressure moving from plasma to filtrate
HPgc and OPc ✔️✔️Pressures moving from filtrate to blood
Filtrate normally does not contain any protein ✔️✔️Why is there no capsular osmotic pressure? (OPc = 0)
Retro; left (bc liver is on right side) ✔️✔️Kidneys are ____-peritoneal and the ___ kidney is higher
Renal arteries ✔️✔️Which blood vessels supply blood to the kidneys?
Abdominal aorta ✔️✔️Where do renal arteries originate from?
Renal veins; inferior vena cava ✔️✔️_____ drain blood from the kidneys and bring it to the _____
Hilum ✔️✔️Point of entrance for blood vessels in the kidney
Ureters; urinary bladder ✔️✔️What are the vessels that drain urine from the kidneys? And where does
the filtrate go?
Urinary bladder ✔️✔️Fxn is to store and expel urine
Ureters ✔️✔️How does urine leave the urinary bladder
Anterior ✔️✔️Is urinary bladder posterior or anterior to rectum
Inferior ✔️✔️Is urinary bladder superior or inferior to uterus
Superficial cortex and deep medulla ✔️✔️What are 2 main anatomical layers forming kidney?
Renal columns ✔️✔️What are main macroscopic structural elements of cortex?
Renal pyramids ✔️✔️What are main macroscopic structural elements of medulla?
Renal pyramids ✔️✔️Fxn is to produce concentrated urine
Renal papilla ✔️✔️Tip of a renal pyramid
Minor calyx ✔️✔️Cavity at renal Papilla
Major calyx ✔️✔️Cavity that collects urine from minor calyces
Renal pelvis ✔️✔️Cavity at entrance to ureters
Renal pyramid (papilla) —> minor calyx —> major calyx —> renal pelvis —> ureters ✔️✔️What is route if
urine flow from medulla to ureters
Nephron ✔️✔️What's main fxnl unit of kidney?
Nephron ✔️✔️It's main parts are glomerulus and glomerular capsule, PCT, nephron loop, and DCT
Filtration ✔️✔️Process that occurs in glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Glomerular capillaries —> glomerular capsule —> PCT —> NL —> DCT —> collecting duct —> renal
papilla —> minor calyx —> major calyx —> renal pelvis —> ureters ✔️✔️What's pathway for filtrate thru
nephron and kidney structures after it?
, Filtration, reabsorption,
and secretion ✔️✔️3 main steps of urine formation
Filtration ✔️✔️Process from blood to filtrate with a lot of water and small molecules; highly regulated
Reabsorption ✔️✔️Process from filtrate to blood; brings back almost everything; highly regulated
Secretion ✔️✔️Process from blood to filtrate; very specific
Glomerulus ✔️✔️Where does filtration occur
Filtration ✔️✔️When water and small molecules are filtered from glomerular capillaries into glomerular
capsule
No, only plasma components are ✔️✔️Are blood cells and proteins filtered?
Tubular system ✔️✔️Where does reabsorption occur
Reabsorption ✔️✔️Almost all water and small molecules return into blood in Peritubular capillaries
mostly in DCT ✔️✔️Where does secretion occur
Secretion ✔️✔️Specific molecules (mostly organic) and some ions are secreted from plasma into filtrate
Cortical and juxtamedulla ✔️✔️2 major types of nephrons in kidneys
Cortical ✔️✔️Nephron mainly responsible for electrolyte and acid-base balance
Peritubular capillaries ✔️✔️Name for capillaries around tubules of a cortical nephron
Juxtamedullary ✔️✔️Nephron responsible for production of concentrated urine (water Reabsorption)
Vasa vecta ✔️✔️Name of capillaries around juxtamedullary nephron loop
Glomerular capillaries and glomerular capsule ✔️✔️What are main structural elements of glomerulus ?
Afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole ✔️✔️Which arteriole is delivering blood to glomerulus? Which is
draining blood from it?
Bigger ✔️✔️Diameter of afferent arteriole is ____ than that of efferent arteriole
High BP in glomerular capillaries ✔️✔️What's physiological consequence of difference in diameter b/w
afferent and efferent arterioles?
NFP = HPc - OPc - HPgc ✔️✔️What's equation for net filtration pressure?
HPc ✔️✔️Pressure moving from plasma to filtrate
HPgc and OPc ✔️✔️Pressures moving from filtrate to blood
Filtrate normally does not contain any protein ✔️✔️Why is there no capsular osmotic pressure? (OPc = 0)
