HESI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXIT EXAM 2025// WITH
200+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+
/. Inflammation - Answer-Vasodilation (Drop in BP)
Increased Vascular permeability & leaky capillaries
WBC adhesion & diapedesis
/.Signs of Inflammation - Answer-Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
/.Interleukins - Answer-Produced by macrophages & lymphocytes
Enhances the adaptive immune response
/.Interferons - Answer-Proteins that primarily protect against viral infection and modulate
inflammation (does not kill viruses, protects cells from being infected)
/.TNF-alpha effects - Answer-Fever
Increases proinflammatory proteins by the liver
Cachexia (muscle wasting)
Shock with gram (-) bacteria
/.Systemic Signs of inflammation - Answer-Fever
Leukocytosis
Plasma protein synthesis
/.Chronic Inflammation - Answer-Increased lymphocyte and macrophage
Lasts longer than 2 weeks
Presence of giant cells
/.Regeneration - Answer-complete return to normal structure and function
/.Resolution - Answer-returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original
structure
/.Repair - Answer-replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as strong as
original tissue
/.Dehiscence - Answer-when an approximated wound pulls apart at the suture line
,/.Primary Intention (1st intention) - Answer-Wound edges are approximated until healing
occurs
/.Secondary Intention - Answer-Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss and require
gradual filling in of dead space with connective tissue. Wounds left open
/.Third (tertiary) - Answer-Wounds left open intentionally to remove debris and then
approximated
/.Contracture - Answer-Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises to prevent.
Burn wounds especially susceptible.
/.Antigens vs Immunogens - Answer-Antigens: react with antibodies or antigen
receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies
/.IgG - Answer-Most abundant
Protective against infection
/.IgA - Answer-Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes
/.IgM - Answer-First antibody produced during initial or primary response
/.IgE - Answer-Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites
/.Anaphylaxis - Answer-Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction
/.Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic - Answer-*ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic Diseases; Skin
Reactions; Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE
/.Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic - Answer-*ex:* ABO incompatibility; Drug-induced
hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement
, /.Type III: Immune Complex - Answer-*ex:* Arthus reaction; Serum Sickness; SLE;
Acute Glomerulonephritis.
*P:* Inflammation d/t immune complex blockage
*C:* Antigen-antibody complexes
/.Type IV: Cell-mediated, delayed - Answer-*ex:* Tuberculosis, Contact dermatitis,
Transplant rejection
*P:* Lymphokine release
*C:* Sensitized T-Cells
/.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Autoimmune - Answer-*P:* Autoantibodies
against nucleic acids, and other immune cells and cell products. Causes inflammatory
lesions in organs (brain, heart, kidneys, etc)
*R/F:* Women; Black; 20-40 yrs; Hydralazine
*S/S:* Arthralgias; vasculitis; rash; renal disease; anemia
/.Incubation Period - Answer-Initial exposure
Colonization
Asymptomatic
/.Prodromal Period - Answer-Initial Ambiguous Symptoms
/.Invasion Period - Answer-Invasion
Specific Symptoms
/.Convalescence - Answer-Successful removal of infectious agents
Decline of symptoms
/.Septic Shock (Endotoxic Shock) - Answer-Leading cause of death in ICUs
*C:* gram (-) bacteria, some gram (+) and fungi
*S/S:* vasodilation, hypoxia, cardiovascular shock
/.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Answer-Blood Borne (blood, vaginal fluids,
semen, breast milk)
*P:* Retrovirus converts its own RNA to DNA, Decreases in helper T cells. Serologically
4-7 weeks can be up to years.
*S/S:* Weight Loss; Annorexia; Kaposi sarcoma; Vesicular and ulcerative lesions
perianal; loss of vision
/.Paraneoplastic Syndrome - Answer-When tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein
(AFP) and prostate specific antigens (PSA) cause symptoms
/.5 Categories of Neuro function that are critical in the evaluation process: - Answer-1)
Level of Consciousness
2) Pattern of Breathing
3) Pupillary Changes
200+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+
/. Inflammation - Answer-Vasodilation (Drop in BP)
Increased Vascular permeability & leaky capillaries
WBC adhesion & diapedesis
/.Signs of Inflammation - Answer-Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
/.Interleukins - Answer-Produced by macrophages & lymphocytes
Enhances the adaptive immune response
/.Interferons - Answer-Proteins that primarily protect against viral infection and modulate
inflammation (does not kill viruses, protects cells from being infected)
/.TNF-alpha effects - Answer-Fever
Increases proinflammatory proteins by the liver
Cachexia (muscle wasting)
Shock with gram (-) bacteria
/.Systemic Signs of inflammation - Answer-Fever
Leukocytosis
Plasma protein synthesis
/.Chronic Inflammation - Answer-Increased lymphocyte and macrophage
Lasts longer than 2 weeks
Presence of giant cells
/.Regeneration - Answer-complete return to normal structure and function
/.Resolution - Answer-returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original
structure
/.Repair - Answer-replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as strong as
original tissue
/.Dehiscence - Answer-when an approximated wound pulls apart at the suture line
,/.Primary Intention (1st intention) - Answer-Wound edges are approximated until healing
occurs
/.Secondary Intention - Answer-Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss and require
gradual filling in of dead space with connective tissue. Wounds left open
/.Third (tertiary) - Answer-Wounds left open intentionally to remove debris and then
approximated
/.Contracture - Answer-Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises to prevent.
Burn wounds especially susceptible.
/.Antigens vs Immunogens - Answer-Antigens: react with antibodies or antigen
receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies
/.IgG - Answer-Most abundant
Protective against infection
/.IgA - Answer-Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes
/.IgM - Answer-First antibody produced during initial or primary response
/.IgE - Answer-Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites
/.Anaphylaxis - Answer-Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction
/.Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic - Answer-*ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic Diseases; Skin
Reactions; Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE
/.Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic - Answer-*ex:* ABO incompatibility; Drug-induced
hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement
, /.Type III: Immune Complex - Answer-*ex:* Arthus reaction; Serum Sickness; SLE;
Acute Glomerulonephritis.
*P:* Inflammation d/t immune complex blockage
*C:* Antigen-antibody complexes
/.Type IV: Cell-mediated, delayed - Answer-*ex:* Tuberculosis, Contact dermatitis,
Transplant rejection
*P:* Lymphokine release
*C:* Sensitized T-Cells
/.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Autoimmune - Answer-*P:* Autoantibodies
against nucleic acids, and other immune cells and cell products. Causes inflammatory
lesions in organs (brain, heart, kidneys, etc)
*R/F:* Women; Black; 20-40 yrs; Hydralazine
*S/S:* Arthralgias; vasculitis; rash; renal disease; anemia
/.Incubation Period - Answer-Initial exposure
Colonization
Asymptomatic
/.Prodromal Period - Answer-Initial Ambiguous Symptoms
/.Invasion Period - Answer-Invasion
Specific Symptoms
/.Convalescence - Answer-Successful removal of infectious agents
Decline of symptoms
/.Septic Shock (Endotoxic Shock) - Answer-Leading cause of death in ICUs
*C:* gram (-) bacteria, some gram (+) and fungi
*S/S:* vasodilation, hypoxia, cardiovascular shock
/.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Answer-Blood Borne (blood, vaginal fluids,
semen, breast milk)
*P:* Retrovirus converts its own RNA to DNA, Decreases in helper T cells. Serologically
4-7 weeks can be up to years.
*S/S:* Weight Loss; Annorexia; Kaposi sarcoma; Vesicular and ulcerative lesions
perianal; loss of vision
/.Paraneoplastic Syndrome - Answer-When tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein
(AFP) and prostate specific antigens (PSA) cause symptoms
/.5 Categories of Neuro function that are critical in the evaluation process: - Answer-1)
Level of Consciousness
2) Pattern of Breathing
3) Pupillary Changes
