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Samenvatting - Module inwendige aandoeningen - fysiopathologie (16/20)

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Samenvatting en extra notities van in de les. Het bestaat uit 3 delen, namelijk Fysiopathologie, pneumologie, respiratoire.

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2024
2025




Module inwendige
aandoeningen
FYSIOPATHOLOGIE
NELL DRESIN-FESTRAETS

,TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Inhoudelijk referentiekader ..................................................................................4
1.1.1 Hollistische benadering ...................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Systematisch denken .......................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3 Klinisch redeneren .............................................................................................................. 4

1.2 Definities .............................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Wat definieert leven? .......................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Van termen naar begrip ........................................................................................5
1.4 Praktisch voorbeeld .............................................................................................5
1.4.1 Ontsteking .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.2 Stress .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.3 Conclusie: stress en ontsteking .......................................................................................... 7

2 Cel- en weefselbeschadiging ........................................................................... 8
2.1 Herhaling celfysiologie .........................................................................................8
2.1.1 Definitie .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2 Structuur van de cel ............................................................................................................ 8

2.2 Oorzaken van celbeschadiging ........................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Fysyische oorzaken ........................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Chemische oorzaken ........................................................................................................ 12
2.2.3 Microbiologisch oorzaken ................................................................................................. 12
2.2.4 Genetische oorzaken ........................................................................................................ 13

2.3 Mechanismen van celbeschadiging .................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Gestoorde cellulaire energievoorziening ........................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Abnormale permeabiliteit van membraan ......................................................................... 14
2.3.3 Verlies van essentiële ezymactiviteit ................................................................................. 14
2.3.4 Aantasting van het genoom ............................................................................................... 15

2.4 Cellulaire reacties op celbeschadiging ............................................................... 15
2.4.1 Acuut VS. chronisch .......................................................................................................... 15

3 Weefsel regeneratie en herstel ...................................................................... 18
3.1 Weefselregeneratie en herstel............................................................................ 18
3.1.1 Celgroei ............................................................................................................................ 18
3.1.2 Regeneratie volgens type weefsel...................................................................................... 19
3.1.3 Stamcel therapie ............................................................................................................... 19
3.1.4 Celadhesie en de extracellulaire matrix............................................................................. 20
3.1.5 Celadhesie bij pathologische processen ........................................................................... 20
3.1.6 Overzicht wondgenezing ................................................................................................... 21
3.1.7 Invloedsfactoren ............................................................................................................... 22
3.1.8 Genezing in specifieke weefsels ........................................................................................ 23
3.1.9 Fractuurgenezing .............................................................................................................. 23
3.1.10 Belang extracellulaire matrix ............................................................................................. 23

3.2 Weefselreacties op schadelijke prikkels ............................................................. 23


1

, 3.2.1 Fysieke verdedigingsfactoren ............................................................................................ 24
3.2.2 Chemische verdedigingsfactoren ...................................................................................... 24
3.2.3 Biologische verdedigingsfactoren...................................................................................... 25
3.2.4 Acute ontstekingsreactie .................................................................................................. 26
3.2.5 Systematische ontstekingsreactie .................................................................................... 28
3.2.6 Chronische ontstekingsreacties ........................................................................................ 29
3.2.7 Overzicht ontstekingsreacties ........................................................................................... 32

4 Circulatoestoornissen ................................................................................... 33
4.1 Herhaling fysiologiee: bloedvaten....................................................................... 33
4.1.1 Homeostase ..................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.2 Bouw en functie van de vaatwand ..................................................................................... 33
4.1.3 Vaatwand en bloedstolling ................................................................................................ 35
4.1.4 Thrombocyten ................................................................................................................... 35

4.2 Pathologische processen ................................................................................... 35
4.2.1 Oedeem ............................................................................................................................ 35
4.2.2 Atherogenese .................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.3 Vaatwanddysfuncties........................................................................................................ 37
4.2.4 Stoornissen in perfusie...................................................................................................... 37

5 Tumorpathologie............................................................................................ 39
5.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................. 39
5.1.1 Spreiding van kanaker over mannen/vrouwen in belgie ..................................................... 39

5.2 Pathologische processen ................................................................................... 40
5.2.1 Regulatie van de celgroei................................................................................................... 40
5.2.2 Oncogenese ...................................................................................................................... 40

5.3 Klinische symptomatologie ................................................................................ 41
5.3.1 Lokale effecten ................................................................................................................. 41
5.3.2 Systematische effecten..................................................................................................... 41

5.4 Metastasering .................................................................................................... 41
5.4.1 Invasie VS. Metastasering ................................................................................................. 41
5.4.1 Lymfogene VS. Hematogene metastasering ...................................................................... 41

5.5 Kenmerken van tumoren .................................................................................... 42
5.5.1 Goedaardig VS. KWaadaardig? .......................................................................................... 42

5.6 Diagnostiek ........................................................................................................ 43
5.6.1 Goedaardig VS. Kwaadaardig ............................................................................................ 43
5.6.2 Initiële diagnose en kwalificeren van evolutie .................................................................... 44

6 Immuunpathologie......................................................................................... 44
6.1 Herhaling fysiolgie: het immuunsysteem ............................................................ 44
6.1.1 Specifieke VS Niet-specifieke afweer ................................................................................ 44
6.1.2 De belangrijkste cellen van het immuunsysteem............................................................... 45
6.1.3 Cytokinen.......................................................................................................................... 46
6.1.4 HLA-systeem .................................................................................................................... 46

6.2 Pathologische processen ................................................................................... 46



2

, 6.2.1 Hypersensitiviteitsreacties ................................................................................................ 46
6.2.2 Auto-immuunziekte........................................................................................................... 46
6.2.3 Transplantatie ................................................................................................................... 47
6.2.4 Immunodeficiënties .......................................................................................................... 47

7 Infectieziekten ............................................................................................... 48
7.1 Definitie ............................................................................................................. 48
7.2 Typen micro-organismen .................................................................................... 48
7.2.1 Bacteriën .......................................................................................................................... 48
7.2.2 Virussen ............................................................................................................................ 53
7.2.3 De rest… ........................................................................................................................... 54

7.3 Schadelijke effecten van micro-organismen ....................................................... 54
7.3.1 Direct contact ................................................................................................................... 54
7.3.2 Toxinen ............................................................................................................................. 55
7.3.3 Afweerrectie...................................................................................................................... 55
7.3.4 Verstoorde homeostase .................................................................................................... 55

7.4 Factoren die de kans op infectie beïnvloeden ..................................................... 55
7.4.1 Gastheerafhaneklijke factoren .......................................................................................... 55
7.4.2 Factoren in het micro-organisme ...................................................................................... 55




3

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