Anatomy & Physiology Revision Guide – Actual Exam Questions and Correct Answers

Anatomy & Physiology Revision Guide – Actual Exam Questions and Correct Answers "5) In a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between the A) dura mater and skull. B) dura mater and arachnoid mater. C) pia mater and brain. D) arachnoid mater and pia mater. - Correct Answer B" "6) An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the A) dura mater only. B) dura mater and arachnoid mater. C) arachnoid mater and pia mater. D) pia mater only. - Correct Answer C" "7) The ________ is the thin meninx attached to the surface of the brain, containing many nerves and blood vessels. A) dura mater B) arachnoid mater C) pia mater D) subdural mater - Correct Answer C" "8) Most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses in the A) lateral ventricles. B) third ventricle. C) fourth ventricle. D) cerebral aqueduct. - Correct Answer A" "9) The fourth ventricle is in the A) left cerebral hemisphere. B) brainstem. C) midline of the brain, beneath the corpus callosum. D) right cerebral hemisphere. - Correct Answer B" "10) Cerebrospinal fluid A) helps maintain a stable ionic concentration in the brain and spinal cord. B) has no nutritive function and is only protective. C) has the same composition as capillary fluids. D) mixes with blood to nourish brain and spinal cord tissues. - Correct Answer A" "11) The human body secretes about ________ milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid daily. A) 10 B) 60 C) 300 D) 500 - Correct Answer D" "12) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________ and it ________. A) dura mater; maintains a stable ionic concentration in the CNS B) choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protects the brain from blows to the skull C) arachnoid villi in the dura sinus; provides a pathway to the blood for waste D) capillaries in the dura mater of the ventricles; moistens the surface of the brain - Correct Answer B" "13) Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence? A) Receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector B) Effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron C) Effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron D) Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector - Correct Answer D" "14) When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called A) flexor extensor reflex. B) ipsilateral reflex. C) crossed extensor reflex. D) crossed flexor reflex. - Correct Answer C" "15) Stephanie is in a car accident, flung from her vehicle and landing on her back on pavement. At the scene, an emergency medical technician checks her Babinski reflex, in which the great toe extends upward and the smaller toes fan apart. This reflex A) may indicate aging of the corticospinal tract. B) may indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract. C) is normal in adults. D) is meaningless in assessing an emergency situation. - Correct Answer B" "16) A woman injures her C5-region spinal nerves. Considering the dermatome of this region, she will experience interruption in the sensation of the skin in the ________. A) back of the head B) chest, thoracic region of the back, and stomach C) chest around the clavicle areas and the lateral portion of the shoulder and arm D) the neck exclusively - Correct Answer C" "17) The expected response to the triceps-jerk reflex is A) flexion of the forearm. B) extension of the forearm. C) plantar flexion. D) flexion of the shoulder. - Correct Answer B" "18) The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses A) from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. B) up the spinal cord to the thalamus. C) down the spinal cord from the thalamus. D) that stimulate skeletal muscles. - Correct Answer B" "19) If the gray matter of the spinal cord were to begin degenerating, which of the following structures would be breaking down? A) Interneurons B) Cerebrospinal fluid C) Axons D) Myelin - Correct Answer A" "20) The pattern of gray matter in the spinal cord is divided into A) horns. B) funiculi. C) meninges. D) roots of spinal nerves. - Correct Answer A" "21) Which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord? A) Spinothalamic B) Spinocerebellar C) Fasciculus gracilis D) Rubrospinal - Correct Answer D" 1) The central nervous system (CNS) consists of A) spinal and cranial nerves. B) the brain and spinal cord. C) the brain and cranial nerves. D) nerves in the upper and lower limbs. - Correct Answer B" "2) The epidural space in the vertebral column contains A) loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue. B) dense connective tissue and cartilage. C) no tissue, that is why it is a space. D) collagen, elastin, and keratin. - Correct Answer A" "3) If a person contracted meningitis (an inflammation of the meninges due to infection), which specific nervous structures would be inflamed and swollen? A) The brain and spinal cord B) The membranes that delineate all of the major brain parts C) The pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater D) Nerve tracts that run up and down the spinal cord - Correct Answer C" "4) Cerebrospinal fluid is A) clear and liquid. B) white and thick. C) red. D) yellow in the CNS and clear in the PNS. - Correct Answer A" "22) The corticospinal tracts control A) sweat glands. B) posture. C) voluntary muscle movements. D) spinal reflexes. - Correct Answer C" "23) If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed, A) muscles on the left side are paralyzed. B) muscles on the right side are paralyzed. C) pain impulses from the left side are blocked. D) pain impulses from the right side are blocked. - Correct Answer C" "24) After a particularly bad forearm break, a person loses motor function and feeling in their 4th and 5th phalanges, along with the side of the hand directly above these fingers. Which nerve(s) has/have been damaged? A) The musculocutaneous nerves B) The ulnar nerve C) The axillary nerve D) The obturator nerves - Correct Answer B" "25) If the left corticospinal tract is severed in the neck near the first cervical vertebra, A) muscles in the right arm and leg are paralyzed. B) muscles in the left arm and leg are paralyzed. C) pain impulses from the right side are blocked. D) pain impulses from the left side are blocked. - Correct Answer B" "26) The spinal cord has A) no nourishment from, nor interaction with CSF. B) a core of white matter surrounded by gray matter. C) a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter. D) spinal nerves that control olfaction. - Correct Answer C" "27) All reflexes A) have association neurons. B) have a reflex arc. C) have interneurons. D) occur in the spinal cord. - Correct Answer B" "28) The simplest level of CNS function is the A) ability to talk. B) ability to work. C) spinal reflex. D) cerebral reflex. - Correct Answer C" "29) Over the course of several months, Morris has experienced difficulty speaking coherently, clumsiness, muscle fasciculations, and increasing weakness in his limbs. These symptoms are most consistent with those of A) Parkinson disease. B) Hodgkin's disease. C) muscular dystrophy. D) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. - Correct Answer D" "30) The blood is injected with a special dye that stains the areas where it passes through. Where in the brain and spinal cord would you expect to see the stain? A) The brain and spinal cord would be stained. B) Any space occupied by the CSF would be stained. C) The space outside of the dura mater (between dura mater and bone) would be stained. D) No stain would be found inside the cranium or vertebral column. - Correct Answer B" "31) Smoking exposes the nervous system to nicotine contained in cigarettes. Smokers experience a "buzz" from the nicotine, as it activates nicotinic receptors of ________ neurons. A) muscarinic B) adrenergic C) cholinergic D) multipolar - Correct Answer C" "32) The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the A) cerebrum. B) brainstem. C) cerebellum. D) corpus callosum. - Correct Answer C" "33) Which of the following is a major portion of the diencephalon? A) Thalamus B) Cerebral aqueduct C) Cerebral peduncles D) Midbrain - Correct Answer A" "39) A soldier suffers a brain injury, and becomes unable to speak. The damage is likely in A) Broca's area. B) the hippocampus. C) the brainstem. D) the basal nuclei - Correct Answer A" "40) The function of the association area in the frontal lobe is A) to send impulses to the arms and legs for muscle movement. B) higher intellectual processes, such as reasoning and judgment. C) control of the motor aspects of speech. D) to help interpret sensory information and understand speech. - Correct Answer B" "41) The basal nuclei include the A) putamen. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) corpus callosum. - Correct Answer A" "42) Which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer this question? A) Frontal B) Parietal C) Temporal D) Occipital - Correct Answer A" "43) Which of the following is not a part of the diencephalon? A) Thalamus B) Hypothalamus C) Corpus callosum D) Posterior pituitary gland - Correct Answer C" "44) A fetus possesses a mutation that causes the forebrain region of the developing brain to cease growing. Which structures in the mature brain will be missing/abnormal if the fetus survives to birth and childhood? A) Midbrain B) Pons C) Cerebellum D) Thalamus - Correct Answer D" "45) The ________ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. A) lateral sulcus B) central sulcus C) longitudinal fissure D) transverse fissure - Correct Answer D" "46) Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? A) Regulation of body temperature B) Control of hunger and thirst C) Production of hormones D) Control of postural reflexes - Correct Answer D" "47) Aphasia is loss of the ability to A) speak. B) move the hands. C) walk. D) think. - Correct Answer A" "48) Interruption of blood flow to the brain that can damage the cerebrum is called a A) concussion. B) contusion. C) cerebrovascular accident. D) myocardial infarction. - Correct Answer C" "49) A person receives blunt-force trauma to the back of the head. They report a major loss in vision. Which lobe of the brain has most likely been damaged? A) The temporal lobe B) The occipital lobe C) The parietal lobe D) The frontal lobe - Correct Answer B" "50) Injury to the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe can cause A) partial blindness in the right eye only. B) total blindness in the left eye only. C) partial blindness in both eyes. D) total blindness in both eyes. - Correct Answer C" "51) If the general interpretative area of the dominant hemisphere is damaged in a child, the A) corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain may take over the interpretative functions. B) child will fail to learn language. C) child will do very poorly in math. D) child will have difficulty concentrating. - Correct Answer A" "52) A corpus callosotomy is a procedure in which the corpus callosum is cut to decrease the severity of certain types of seizures. After the procedure, some patients have extreme difficulty performing actions related to the non-dominant hemisphere, like using their non-dominant hand. What might be the basis for this side effect? A) The corpus callosum contains neurons that cross from one hemisphere to the other. Cutting the structure prevents the dominant hemisphere from controlling motor function in the non- dominant hemisphere. B) The corpus callosum handles some somatic motor neurons. Cutting the structure will stop motor function signals from one hemisphere. C) The corpus callosum separates the two hemispheres. Cutting the structure allows the dominant hemisphere to interfere with the motor control within the non-dominant hemisphere. D) The corpus callosum is the seat of control for fine motor function and positi - Correct Answer A" "53) Brain waves are recordings of activity in the A) medulla oblongata. B) cerebellum. C) cerebral cortex. D) brainstem. - Correct Answer C" "54) Which of the following terms and definitions is correct? A) Cerebral cortex—a thin layer of gray matter forming the outermost part of the cerebrum B) Hemisphere dominance—the largest cerebral hemisphere with the thickest cerebral cortex C) Limbic system—interconnected brain structures that activate skeletal muscle D) Cerebral cortex—a thick layer of white matter forming the innermost part of the cerebrum - Correct Answer A" "55) The consequence of sensory nerve fibers crossing over is that the A) brain cannot tell from which side of the body a sensory impulse originated. B) right hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and vice versa. C) left hemisphere of the cerebrum receives sensory impulses originating on the left side of the body and the right hemisphere receives sensory impulses originating on the right side of the body. D) impulses never reach the appropriate lobe of the brain to be interpreted. - Correct Answer B" "56) Basal ganglia are located in the ________ and ________. A) brainstem; relay motor impulses from the cerebral cortex B) frontal lobe; aid in control of motor activities C) deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities D) cerebral hemispheres; control the senses - Correct Answer C" "57) If the reticular formation is injured, the person might exhibit signs of A) hyperactivity. B) increased metabolism. C) increased sympathetic system responses. D) unconsciousness, or coma. - Correct Answer D" "58) The part of the brain that assigns value to a memory is the A) cerebral cortex. B) amygdala. C) medulla oblongata. D) pons. - Correct Answer B" "59) Dopamine is secreted by the ________ and is deficient in ________ disease. A) cerebral cortex; Alzheimer B) amygdala; Lou Gehrig's C) medulla oblongata; Huntington D) substantia nigra; Parkinson - Correct Answer D" "60) A spinal nerve passing through the intervertebral foramen is A) associated with the vertebra above. B) composed of afferent fibers only. C) composed of efferent fibers only. D) associated with cranial nerve C1. - Correct Answer A" "61) The phrenic nerves arise from the A) cervical plexuses. B) brachial plexuses. C) lumbar plexuses. D) sacral plexuses. - Correct Answer A" "62) The area of skin that sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate is called a A) dermatome. B) myotome. C) sensory body. D) nerve body. - Correct Answer A" "63) The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the ________, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the ________. A) skin and skeletal muscles; brain to the spinal cord B) visceral organs; CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles C) heart and intestines; CNS to the cardiac and smooth muscles D) skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs - Correct Answer D" "64) Which of the following are generally adrenergic fibers? A) Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers B) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers C) Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers D) Sympathetic preganglionic fibers - Correct Answer B" "65) The intestines are innervated by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. During a meal, the ________ division activates digestion and slows heart rate. During exercise, the ________ division slows digestion and increases heart rate. A) parasympathetic; sympathetic B) sympathetic; parasympathetic C) parasympathetic; parasympathetic D) sympathetic; sympathetic - Correct Answer A" "66) Bob witnesses an auto accident and impulses from the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system increase his heart rate. A) spinal B) parasympathetic C) sympathetic D) cranial - Correct Answer C" "67) The drug atropine influences the autonomic nervous system by A) stimulating the release of norepinephrine. B) blocking the action of norepinephrine. C) stimulating the release of acetylcholine. D) blocking the action of acetylcholine. - Correct Answer D" "68) Aging of the brain begins A) before birth. B) at birth. C) at age 30. D) after age 50. - Correct Answer A" "69) Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ________ percent. A) 1 B) 5 C) 10 D) 40 - Correct Answer C" "70) A lumbar puncture is A) an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid. B) a blockage in peripheral nerve transmission. C) a test of the pressure that the cerebrospinal fluid is under. D) a procedure to correct a spinal cord injury. - Correct Answer C" "71) In spastic paralysis A) muscle tone increases and the muscles atrophy. B) muscle tone increases and the muscles do not atrophy. C) muscle tone decreases and the muscles atrophy. D) muscle tone decreases and the muscles do not atrophy. - Correct Answer B" "72) A traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from A) an open head wound. B) mechanical force. C) an infection. D) poisoning. - Correct Answer B" "73) The part of the brain that is overactive in post-traumatic stress disorder is the A) amygdala. B) brainstem. C) hippocampus. D) thalamus. - Correct Answer A" "74) Melinda has Parkinson disease. Her movements are slowing and she has difficulty initiating voluntary muscular actions. The region that is affected in her brain is the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) basal ganglia. D) amygdala. - Correct Answer C" "75) Brain waves during sleep are ________ waves. A) alpha B) beta C) theta D) delta - Correct Answer D" "76) The brain waves most closely associated with mental activity are A) alpha waves. B) beta waves. C) theta waves. D) delta waves. - Correct Answer B" "77) Spinal nerve injury may result from A) fracture of vertebrae, dislocations, or birth injuries. B) too little dopamine in the basal ganglia. C) excess acetylcholine in synapses. D) a drug overdose. - Correct Answer A" "34) A fetus possesses a mutation that causes the diencephalon region of the developing brain to cease growing. Which structures in the mature brain will be missing/abnormal if the fetus survives to birth and childhood? A) The cerebellum B) The thalamus, pineal gland, and hypothalamus C) The cerebrum D) The pons, midbrain, and medulla - Correct Answer B" "35) The complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain, that upon receiving incoming sensory impulses responds by activating wakefulness in the cerebral cortex, is the A) dentate nucleus. B) reticular formation. C) limbic system. D) corpora quadrigemina. - Correct Answer B" "36) A newborn has a CT scan of the brain to identify a cause of seizures. The scan showed no convolutions (gyri) of the cerebral cortex. She has A) lissencephaly. B) anencephaly. C) spina bifida. D) leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. - Correct Answer A" "37) If the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged, A) memory is lost. B) motor control to the right leg is impaired. C) eyesight is lost. D) motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost. - Correct Answer D" "38) The primary motor area of the brain is in the A) postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. B) precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. C) posterior sulcus of the temporal lobe. D) lateral part of the occipital lobe. - Correct Answer B"