Summary grammar, spelling and vocabulary English 3

ENGLISH 2: SUMMARY
SPARKLING SPELLING:

In/ Im:
Im = prefixe of words that start with p, m, b.
In= prefixe of other words


Quiet/quite
Quiet= silent
Quite= rather


Numerals in compounds:
Numeral- nouns => The nouns do not take the plural
Ex: a three-month holiday


Doubling of final consonants:
One syllable:
If the word ends with a consonant/ vowel/ 2 syllables or more:
consonant Same rule but only if the stress is on the last
If the suffix begins with a vowel syllable
Ex: Stopped
Ex: focusing, beginning

⚠This rule doesn’t take for the words that ends with x,w
⚠If the word ends with a vowel + L => de L is always doubled


There/ their:
There = express a place
Their = possessive of they




Adjectives ending in y:
The y becomes a i when a suffix is added
Ex: lucky => luckily


Months/ Days/ Nationalities:
Months, days, nationalities, countries, towns, languages => CAPITAL LETTER


Words ending in LL:
LL => if words are alone => Ex: full
L => if words are compounds => Ex: fulfil


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,Loose/ Lose:
Loose = los
Lose/ lost/ lost = verloren, kwijtraken


Choose/ Chose/ Chosen:
Choose = infinitif
Chose = simple past
Chosen = past participle


Then/ Than :
Then = used in comparaisons
Than = used in indications


Joins:
Never add or subtract a letter at a join
Ex: Legal + ly = legally


To/ too:
To = te
Too = ook


Nouns ending in our:
If we add the suffix ous => the u of the our is dropped.
Ex: Humour => Humorous


Adjectives ending in ic:
They take ally when they become adverbs.
Ex: Basic => Basically


One’s/ Ones:
One’s = genitive of one
Ones = plural of one
 Ex: give me ones of these ones.
It’s/ Its:
Its = something
It’s = it+ is


Of/ off:
Of= van
Off = used to express a distance



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,ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES



Adjectives are used with: Adverbs are used with:

- A noun - An adjective
- A pronoun - Another adverb
- Some verbs (Ex: be, look, feel…) - A past participle



Many adverbs are adjectives + ly (Ex: quickly)

 But not all words ending with ly are adverbs (Ex: lovely = Adjective)


⚠Past/ Hard/ Late/ High/ Direct = are both adverbs and adjectives

⚠Lately = recently

⚠Hardly = very little, almost not, certainly not

⚠Difficultly doesn’t exist => With difficulty



ADVERBIALS:

POSITION OF ADVERBIALS:

 Manner – Direction – Place – Duration – Frequenty – Time



Front position = to express the contrast

 Sometimes, he went to the pub.



Mid position= Before the main verb/ Between the auxiliary and the verb

 Rule: Adverb of manner in one word AND that ends with Ly => go to the mid position

⚠Also, always, still… are always in the mid position BUT after the verb to be.

 I always study
 I am always late



End position = neutral position

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, RELATIVE PRONOUNS:



WHO:

- Used to refers to people
 The woman who is always late

WHOM:

- Used to refers to a direct object
- Used after a preposition
 The teacher whom I met a year ago quickly became a friend

WHOSE:

- Used to express a possession of a people
 This guy whose name is difficult to spell is Croatian

WHICH:

- Used to refers to objects
- Used to express the possession of objects
 The camera which I’m using is great

- Used if the antecedent is a clause
 He told me he was disappointed, which was quite obvious.

THAT:

- Can be used like who/ which but less good English
 The old man that you saw at the wedding is my grandfather.
 The old man whom you saw at the wedding is my grandfather.



THAT preferred to WHICH:

- after superlatives (Ex: good – better – best)
- after ordinal numbers (Ex: first, second, third, …)
- all, much, little, none, few, only
- every, some, any, nothing



WHERE:

- Used if the antecedent is a place
 The city where I lived

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