Concise Introduction to Logic
14th Edition by Hurley
Chapter 1-14
TEST BANK
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition
Chapter 3: Informal Fallacies
Chapter 4: Categorical Propositions
,Chapter 5: Categorical Syllogisms
Chapter 6: Propositional Logic
Chapter 7: Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic
Chapter 8: Predicate Logic
Chapter 9: Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning
Chapter 10: Causality and Mill's Methods
Chapter 11: Probability
Chapter 12: Statistical Reasoning
Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
Chapter 14: Science and Superstition
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women
today are working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing
more. Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the
typical man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working
less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and
relaxing less.
ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially
replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins
that regulate blood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high
blood pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm
production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses
in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall
, information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men
of practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they
have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
federal income tax and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work
for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes
these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute
nothing to the communities in which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are
over-arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven
times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups.
Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property
and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican
women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods
in prison.
ANS: B PTS: 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There
are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
detect unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to visit pay-per-click ads.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
, d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by
a firewall.
ANS: E PTS: 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be
made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the
magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most
important object of comparison for planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the
atmosphere.
ANS: C PTS: 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped
staff, communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the
makers of traditional medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then
tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the
immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be
averted.
ANS: A PTS: 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes,
we need to understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level,
the neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So,
how a neuron works and how neurons communicate are crucial pieces of information in
solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed,
some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they
retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
b. Nonargument.
14th Edition by Hurley
Chapter 1-14
TEST BANK
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Language: Meaning and Definition
Chapter 3: Informal Fallacies
Chapter 4: Categorical Propositions
,Chapter 5: Categorical Syllogisms
Chapter 6: Propositional Logic
Chapter 7: Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic
Chapter 8: Predicate Logic
Chapter 9: Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning
Chapter 10: Causality and Mill's Methods
Chapter 11: Probability
Chapter 12: Statistical Reasoning
Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
Chapter 14: Science and Superstition
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women
today are working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing
more. Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the
typical man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working
less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and
relaxing less.
ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially
replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins
that regulate blood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high
blood pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and sperm
production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses
in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall
, information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men
of practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they
have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
federal income tax and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work
for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes
these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute
nothing to the communities in which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are
over-arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven
times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups.
Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property
and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican
women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods
in prison.
ANS: B PTS: 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There
are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
detect unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to visit pay-per-click ads.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
, d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by
a firewall.
ANS: E PTS: 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be
made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the
magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most
important object of comparison for planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the
atmosphere.
ANS: C PTS: 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped
staff, communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the
makers of traditional medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then
tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the
immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be
averted.
ANS: A PTS: 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes,
we need to understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level,
the neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So,
how a neuron works and how neurons communicate are crucial pieces of information in
solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed,
some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they
retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
b. Nonargument.
