Instructor s manual for american government political development and institutional change 12th Edition by Cal Jillson

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SOLUTIONMANUAL
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AmericanGovernment:Political
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Developmentand InstitutionalChange
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12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Chapter 1 TheOrigins of American Political Principles
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2. Chapter 2 TheRevolution and theConstitution
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3. Chapter 3 Federalismand AmericanPolitical Development
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4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
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5. Chapter 5 TheMass Media and thePolitical Agenda
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6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: ThePolitics of Influence
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7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning theRight to Govern
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8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
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9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
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10. Chapter 10 ThePresident: ExecutivePower in a Separation of Powers Regime
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11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for theTwenty-First Century
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12. Chapter 12 TheFederal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
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13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: OrderedLiberty in America
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14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: WhereLiberty andEquality Collide
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15. Chapter 15 Government, TheEconomy, and Domestic Policy
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16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in theTwenty-First Century
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Chapter1 c




THEORIGINSOFAMERICANPOLITICALPRINCIPLES
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FOCUSQUESTIONS
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Q1 What are thebroadpurposesofgovernment?
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A1 The ancientsbelieved theroleof government andpoliticswasto fosterhuman
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cexcellence.However,it isimperativetorememberthattheGreeksandRomans c c c c c c c c c c c




cbelievedthevirtuous shouldrule according tonaturallaw. Furthermore,valuesof c c c c c c c c c c




cequality and orderwouldbeserved through a societybased upontherule oflaw to
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cprovide forthecommongood. Inthe Middle Ages,governmentwas largely used to
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facilitate religion and maintained theneed fortheindividualto live aproperlife in the
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serviceofGod.Theroleof governmentchanged in the earlysixteenth centuryby
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downplayingtheroleofreligion while alternatively promotingtherole of limited
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governmenttoprotectprivate property and individual rights.
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Q2 Howshouldgovernment be designed toachieve itspurposes?
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A2 AccordingtoPlato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would promote order, c c c c c c c c c c




stability andjustice. Yet,Aristotletakesamore realistic viewof Athenian societyby
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advocating thebestformof governmentasa polity,whichcombined oligarchic and
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democratic elementstoproducepoliticalstability. TheRomans combinedmonarchical,
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aristocratic, anddemocraticprinciplesasamixed governmentwithinrepresentative
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bodies like theSenate andtheAssemblyin order tochampionthecauses ofboth therich
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andthepoor. Government in theMiddle Ageswasdeterminedthrough divine right,
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wherebyamonarch or Pope was ordainedbyGodtorule. Hence, wisdom and virtue
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rested withinthesefew individualswho governedtopromote religiouslife and protect
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thereligious establishment.TheRenaissance,ProtestantReformation,and
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Enlightenment Periods shiftedthe roleof governmentfrom upholdingreligiousdoctrine
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to secular concerns,such asprotectinginalienable rights, includingprivate property,
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and promotingcommerce.Inturn,Enlightenment political
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© 2023 Taylor& Francis
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philosopherslargelyappealedtoindividualism andnotreligioushierarchyas ameans c c c c c c c c c c




ctoprovideorderandstability inwhich individuals could flourish.
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Q3 What lessonsabout government didcolonial Americans drawfrom the history ofancient
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Greece and Rome?
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A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s ruleofthe many because good government would
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decay intomobrule. Hence,thepassionsofthemassesneededtobe quelled bymore
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aristocratic elements. Withthisproblem inmind, theFramersofthe U.S. Constitution
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referencedthe institutionaldesign ofthe Roman republic adhered to thetradition of
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mixedgovernment initially expounded byAristotle andthe Romans. Thiswas
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maintained inthe indirectselectionofboththe Senateandthepresidency within the
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Constitution.Aristotle also advocatedmixing aristocratic anddemocratic elementsin a
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governingstructurecalleda polity.In effect,this governmental design allowed the few
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andthemanyto participate in the politics providing anorderly society wherethepoor
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should be abletoselect government officialswho were held accountable.Thiswasalso
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mademanifest intheConstitution withitsaristocratic-like Senateandthemore
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democratic House ofRepresentatives.Thusthe American republic’sConstitution
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established institutional powers to govern accordingto the rule of law. While the
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Framers rejectedthe religious hierarchyoftheMiddle Ages, theyappealed to
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inalienable rightsendowed upon every individual by God,perthe writings of John
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Locke, in which ajust governmentand societycould not be impeded.
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Q4 What circumstances ledEuropeanstoleavetheirhomelands tosettle inAmerica?
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A4 Individualsimmigrated tothe coloniestoescapereligiouspersecutionand civil unrest c c c c c c c c c c c




afterthe English Civil War and topursue socialand economic opportunities. Colonists
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enjoyedavast arrayofnaturalresources and alarge geographicalarea where
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freedomofreligion and economicopportunity flourished. Also,their heterogeneous
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socialcomposition aswell ascontinual promotionof ideals, such as equality and
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tolerance,tendedtopromotepolitical freedom atthesametimethat socialexpansion of
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thepopulation wasoccurring.
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Q5 What did democracy meantoourcolonial ancestors, and didthey approve it?
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A5 Thecolonistswereskepticalof democracy and viewedthis typeof governing authority
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asmobrule. Society waslargely seenassegmented intothosewho should rule and those
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whoshould not. In fact,theFoundersbelieved that the elite (well- educated, land
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owners)should occupypositionsof leadership.Thus, an aristocratic elementwithin
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government wasnecessarytoprotectagainst thethreatofmobrule historically
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associatedwith democracy.Fundamentally, the ideaofrepublicanism waspromoted
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asan idealat a higher level than democracy.Thiswas mademost manifest inthe
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tendencytoprefermixed
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©2023Taylor& Francis
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