WCU Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2025

WCU Pathophysiology Midterm Exam 2025 A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n) - Correct Ans-elderly woman without a previous history of MI. In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately? - Correct Ans-Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute Aortic regurgitation is associated with - Correct Ans-diastolic murmur. Mitral stenosis is associated with - Correct Ans-a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. First-degree heart block is characterized by - Correct Ans-prolonged PR interval. Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria? - Correct Ans-128/82 Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom? - Correct Ans-Edema Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they - Correct Ans-reduce cardiac output. Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of - Correct Ans-peripheral pooling of blood. While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding? - Correct Ans-Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Hypertension is closely linked to - Correct Ans-obstructive sleep apnea. In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing? - Correct Ans-Class II, Compensated Stage Pathophysiogy Pathophysiogy Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock? - Correct Ans-Crystalloids Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100? - Correct Ans-Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118 A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis. - Correct Ans False A patient diagnosed with cardiogenic shock who is hyperventilating is at risk for respiratory alkalosis. Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of - Correct Ans-β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Left-sided heart failure is characterized by - Correct Ans-pulmonary congestion. Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to - Correct Ans-rupture. A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm? - Correct Ans-Ventricular escape rhythm Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class? - Correct Ans Class I Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy. - Correct Ans-False Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in hypertrophy. Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in - Correct Ans systemic vascular resistance. The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension. - Correct Ans-True In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with - Correct Ans-high cardiac output. Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of - Correct Ans-nitric oxide. An example of an acyanotic heart defect is - Correct Ans-ventricular septal defect. Pathophysiogy Pathophysiogy A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic. - Correct Ans-False An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of - Correct Ans-premature ventricular complexes. Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with - Correct Ans-acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction. Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock. - Correct Ans-cardiogenic After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? - Correct Ans-Continue lifestyle modifications only. Sepsis has been recently redefined as - Correct Ans-a systemic inflammatory response to infection. A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing - Correct Ans-acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of - Correct Ans-cardiac tamponade. Lusitropic impairment refers to - Correct Ans-impaired diastolic relaxation. What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? - Correct Ans Vasoconstriction An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure? - Correct Ans-Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload. A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock. - Correct Ans-septic Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n) - Correct Ans-communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Pathophysiogy Pathophysiogy Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells. - Correct Ans-renin How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance? - Correct Ans- Two primary acid-base disorders that are present independently are referred to as - Correct Ans- The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by - Correct Ans- Lack of α-antitrypsin in emphysema causes - Correct Ans- Legionnaires disease is characterized by - Correct Ans- When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies - Correct Ans- Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability? - Correct Ans- A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is - Correct Ans- A patient has been hospitalized several times in 6 months with severe ECV depletion and hypokalemia resulting from chronic laxative abuse. Which blood gas results should be relayed to the physician? - Correct Ans- Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with - Correct Ans- Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete? - Correct Ans- A 3-year-old is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment? - Correct Ans- Obstructive sleep apnea would most likely be found in a patient diagnosed with - Correct Ans- A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is - Correct Ans- When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best response is - Correct Ans- Pathophysiogy When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse's best response is - Correct Ans- To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke - Correct Ans-