The equine head and neck (2 lectures)
Label the 7 bony systems of the superficial head
1) Naso-incisive notch
* This is an essential landmark for finding the infra-orbital foramen (and nerve)
- Midway within the direct line to the rostral border of the facial crest is this forman
2) Facial crest
3) Coronoid method of mandible
4) TMJ
5) Zygomatic arch
6) Wing of the atlas
7) Ventral frame of the mandible
Label the 4 essential superficial muscle tissue (and their feature)
8) Levator (lift) nasolabialis./.. (dilates the nostrils)
nine) Depressor (drop) labii (lip) inferioris.. This tendinous muscle covers the intellectual nerves,
so wishes to be pondered to block the lower lip and chin
10) Masseter
eleven) Sternocephalicus
What muscular structues are involved in 'the feel of scent'
The "Flehman" posture
Horses (stallions) have a sturdy experience of odor, nostrils having the capability to 'flare' and
lure pheromones
* This lip curling = levator labii superioris. This muscle crosses the infra-orbital canal so needs to
be meditated so as for a nerve block to be completed
What is the call of 12? And what is its role...
This is the ventral buccal department of the facial nerve (crossing the masseter)
This is motor to many muscle tissues of facial features (facial = facial). Trauma/ damage can
cause paralysis of the cheek, lips and nostril most effective
What are the names and places of the 3 facial veins?
Thirteen) Lingo-facial
14) Maxillary vein
15) External jugular vein
, Where is the parotid duct inside the horse?
Unlike the canine, this passes inside the ventral mandibular area (as opposed to over the
masseter). It joins up with the facial vein and artery prior to crossing the mandibular notch and
coming into near the rostral masseter!
Describe the sensory innervation of the superficial stuctures
The sensation is furnished through three branches of CN7:
Opthalmic: lateral, dorsal eye and forehead
Maxillary(sub infra-orbital): The higher lip, cheeks, nostrils
Mandibular (sub mental): the lower lip, roots of the teeth
Describe the key features of the nostrils
The alar cartilage (bottom R) aid the nostril and prevent crumble
The alar fold (musculocutaneous lamina) divides the nostril right into a small dorsal and large
ventral component
The ventral vicinity: cornu of the alar cartilage
*Endoscopy into the dorsal commisure= blind ending at the nasal diverticulum
* Endoscopy into the ventral commisure = a correct laryngoscope passage! :)
The horse cannot breath thru its mouth!
Describe the motor innervation of the superficial strctures
As with the canine, the muscle tissues of facial features are innervated through CN7
* Aurico-palpebral department (branches over the zygo arch)
* The buccal is motor to the cheek, nose and lips
* Paralysis of the levator nasolabium (nose and lips) muscle can reduce jogging capability as
nostril flaring isn't feasible
*Damage of the levator labii superioris = no flehmans motion during oestrous
Where are the 3 areas you may take a pulse within the head location?
1) Facial artery and vein. Just prior to the mandibular notch, ventral boundary of mandible.. See
above
2) Transverse facial artery (ventral zygo)
3) Masseteric artery that's associated with the parotid gland.
What are the important thing structures within the median phase of the equine head?
* three nasal meatuses and three x conchae
* A nasal septum and tongue
* The pharynx: naso and oro, vestibule, trachea and 3 x cavities
Label the 7 bony systems of the superficial head
1) Naso-incisive notch
* This is an essential landmark for finding the infra-orbital foramen (and nerve)
- Midway within the direct line to the rostral border of the facial crest is this forman
2) Facial crest
3) Coronoid method of mandible
4) TMJ
5) Zygomatic arch
6) Wing of the atlas
7) Ventral frame of the mandible
Label the 4 essential superficial muscle tissue (and their feature)
8) Levator (lift) nasolabialis./.. (dilates the nostrils)
nine) Depressor (drop) labii (lip) inferioris.. This tendinous muscle covers the intellectual nerves,
so wishes to be pondered to block the lower lip and chin
10) Masseter
eleven) Sternocephalicus
What muscular structues are involved in 'the feel of scent'
The "Flehman" posture
Horses (stallions) have a sturdy experience of odor, nostrils having the capability to 'flare' and
lure pheromones
* This lip curling = levator labii superioris. This muscle crosses the infra-orbital canal so needs to
be meditated so as for a nerve block to be completed
What is the call of 12? And what is its role...
This is the ventral buccal department of the facial nerve (crossing the masseter)
This is motor to many muscle tissues of facial features (facial = facial). Trauma/ damage can
cause paralysis of the cheek, lips and nostril most effective
What are the names and places of the 3 facial veins?
Thirteen) Lingo-facial
14) Maxillary vein
15) External jugular vein
, Where is the parotid duct inside the horse?
Unlike the canine, this passes inside the ventral mandibular area (as opposed to over the
masseter). It joins up with the facial vein and artery prior to crossing the mandibular notch and
coming into near the rostral masseter!
Describe the sensory innervation of the superficial stuctures
The sensation is furnished through three branches of CN7:
Opthalmic: lateral, dorsal eye and forehead
Maxillary(sub infra-orbital): The higher lip, cheeks, nostrils
Mandibular (sub mental): the lower lip, roots of the teeth
Describe the key features of the nostrils
The alar cartilage (bottom R) aid the nostril and prevent crumble
The alar fold (musculocutaneous lamina) divides the nostril right into a small dorsal and large
ventral component
The ventral vicinity: cornu of the alar cartilage
*Endoscopy into the dorsal commisure= blind ending at the nasal diverticulum
* Endoscopy into the ventral commisure = a correct laryngoscope passage! :)
The horse cannot breath thru its mouth!
Describe the motor innervation of the superficial strctures
As with the canine, the muscle tissues of facial features are innervated through CN7
* Aurico-palpebral department (branches over the zygo arch)
* The buccal is motor to the cheek, nose and lips
* Paralysis of the levator nasolabium (nose and lips) muscle can reduce jogging capability as
nostril flaring isn't feasible
*Damage of the levator labii superioris = no flehmans motion during oestrous
Where are the 3 areas you may take a pulse within the head location?
1) Facial artery and vein. Just prior to the mandibular notch, ventral boundary of mandible.. See
above
2) Transverse facial artery (ventral zygo)
3) Masseteric artery that's associated with the parotid gland.
What are the important thing structures within the median phase of the equine head?
* three nasal meatuses and three x conchae
* A nasal septum and tongue
* The pharynx: naso and oro, vestibule, trachea and 3 x cavities
