PSY 121 Exam 3: Chap. 5, 12, 15, 16
correctly answered passed
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in
classical conditioning. - correct answer ✔✔conditioned stimulus
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though
they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl
carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is
puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is
the________________. - correct answer ✔✔sour lemon gummy candy
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing
saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation
would be referred to as a(an) ________. - correct answer ✔✔unconditioned response
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was
accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In
this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response. -
correct answer ✔✔conditioned
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always
comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In
this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. - correct answer ✔✔conditioned
stimulus
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired
with the unconditioned stimulus. - correct answer ✔✔extinction
,Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15
minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally
stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the
sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response? - correct answer
✔✔Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. - correct answer
✔✔both operant and classical conditioning
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior. -
correct answer ✔✔Positive
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a
picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic
goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________. - correct answer ✔✔negatively reinforced;
he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel
begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________. -
correct answer ✔✔positive punishment
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from
others) from the individual. This is called________________. - correct answer ✔✔negative
punishment
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is
called a ________ schedule. - correct answer ✔✔ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? - correct answer
✔✔Fixed ratio
,____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small
steps in the overall sequence of behaviors. - correct answer ✔✔Chaining
Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward
the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster
learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________. - correct
answer ✔✔shaping
The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or
eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________. - correct answer ✔✔applied
behavior analysis
Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any
student with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is
Ms. Wang using? - correct answer ✔✔Token economy
Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an
example of________________. - correct answer ✔✔the Premack principle
A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an
animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. - correct answer
✔✔mirror
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________.
- correct answer ✔✔either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage
in the behavior
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He
observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists
this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own
relationships when he is older? - correct answer ✔✔Michael may treat women with discourtesy
and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.
, For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______. - correct
answer ✔✔being reinforced for imitating the model
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to
cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to
remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated - correct answer ✔✔insight
learning
Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of
_________ in learning. - correct answer ✔✔cognition
Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented
with food the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the
next time the rats enter the maze, their performance will be________________. - correct
answer ✔✔as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement
What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated? - correct
answer ✔✔Latent learning
Which of the following statements is most accurate about the relationship between exposure to
violent video games (VVGs) and aggressive behavior? - correct answer ✔✔While there have
been some individual studies with mixed findings, the overall evidence suggests a causal link
between playing VVGs and aggressive behavior.
Research examining the association between violent video games and aggression is limited by
which of the following? - correct answer ✔✔There may be a bias in the way studies are selected
for publication; Finding an accurate and consistent way of measuring aggression has been
difficult; Many studies have reported correlational results rather than experimental results.
correctly answered passed
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in
classical conditioning. - correct answer ✔✔conditioned stimulus
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though
they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl
carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is
puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is
the________________. - correct answer ✔✔sour lemon gummy candy
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing
saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation
would be referred to as a(an) ________. - correct answer ✔✔unconditioned response
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was
accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In
this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response. -
correct answer ✔✔conditioned
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always
comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In
this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. - correct answer ✔✔conditioned
stimulus
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired
with the unconditioned stimulus. - correct answer ✔✔extinction
,Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15
minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally
stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the
sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response? - correct answer
✔✔Spontaneous recovery
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. - correct answer
✔✔both operant and classical conditioning
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior. -
correct answer ✔✔Positive
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a
picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic
goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________. - correct answer ✔✔negatively reinforced;
he is rewarded by his anxiety going down
Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel
begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________. -
correct answer ✔✔positive punishment
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from
others) from the individual. This is called________________. - correct answer ✔✔negative
punishment
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is
called a ________ schedule. - correct answer ✔✔ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? - correct answer
✔✔Fixed ratio
,____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small
steps in the overall sequence of behaviors. - correct answer ✔✔Chaining
Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward
the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster
learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________. - correct
answer ✔✔shaping
The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or
eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________. - correct answer ✔✔applied
behavior analysis
Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any
student with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is
Ms. Wang using? - correct answer ✔✔Token economy
Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an
example of________________. - correct answer ✔✔the Premack principle
A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an
animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. - correct answer
✔✔mirror
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________.
- correct answer ✔✔either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage
in the behavior
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He
observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists
this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own
relationships when he is older? - correct answer ✔✔Michael may treat women with discourtesy
and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.
, For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______. - correct
answer ✔✔being reinforced for imitating the model
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to
cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to
remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated - correct answer ✔✔insight
learning
Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of
_________ in learning. - correct answer ✔✔cognition
Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented
with food the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the
next time the rats enter the maze, their performance will be________________. - correct
answer ✔✔as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement
What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated? - correct
answer ✔✔Latent learning
Which of the following statements is most accurate about the relationship between exposure to
violent video games (VVGs) and aggressive behavior? - correct answer ✔✔While there have
been some individual studies with mixed findings, the overall evidence suggests a causal link
between playing VVGs and aggressive behavior.
Research examining the association between violent video games and aggression is limited by
which of the following? - correct answer ✔✔There may be a bias in the way studies are selected
for publication; Finding an accurate and consistent way of measuring aggression has been
difficult; Many studies have reported correlational results rather than experimental results.
