ALL CHAPTERS 2 - 22
COVERED
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids
4. Imperfections in Solids
5. Diffusion
6. Mechanical Properties of Metals
7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
8. Failure
9. Phase Diagrams
10. Phase Transformations—Development of Microstructure and Alteration of
Mechanical Properties
11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys
12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics
13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics
14. Polymer Structures
15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers
16. Composites
17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials
18. Electrical Properties
19. Thermal Properties
20. Magnetic Properties
21. Optical Properties
22. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and
Engineering
, 2-1
CHAPTER 2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Fundamental
Concepts Electrons in
Atoms
22.1Atomic mass is the mass of an individual atom, whereas atomic weight is the average
(weighted) of the atomic masses of an atom's naturally occurring isotopes.
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, 2-2
22.2 The average atomic weight of silicon ( ASi) is computed by adding fraction-of-
occurrence/atomic
weight products for the three isotopes. Thus
ASi = f28 A28 + f 29 A29 f30 A30
Si Si Si Si Si Si
(0.9223)(27.9769) + (0.0468)(28.9765) + (0.0309)(29.9738) =
28.0854
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, 2-3
22.3(a) In order to determine the number of grams in one amu of material, appropriate
manipulation of the amu/atom, g/mol, and atom/mol relationships is all that is necessary, as
# g/amu = ⎛
⎜
1 mol ⎞ ⎛ 1 g / mol ⎞
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6.023 x 1023 atoms ⎠ ⎝1 amu /atom⎠
= 1.66 x 10-24 g/amu
(b) Since there are 453.6 g/lbm,
1 lb - mol = (453.6 g/lbm ) (6.023 x 10 23 atoms/g - mol)
= 2.73 x 1026 atoms/lb-mol
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, 2-4
22.4 (a) Two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom
are (1) that electrons are particles moving in discrete orbitals, and (2) electron energy is quantized
into shells.
(b) Two important refinements resulting from the wave-mechanical atomic model are (1) that
electron position is described in terms of a probability distribution, and (2) electron energy is quantized
into both shells and subshells--each electron is characterized by four quantum numbers.
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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
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, 2-5
22.5The n quantum number designates the electron
shell. The l quantum number designates the
electron subshell.
The ml quantum number designates the number of electron states in each electron subshell.
The ms quantum number designates the spin moment on each electron.
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, 2-6
22.6 For the L state, n = 2, and eight electron states are possible. Possible l values are 0 and 1, while
possible
1
m values are 0 and ±1; and possible m values are . Therefore, for the s states, the quantum
numbers are
l s 2
1 1 1 1 1
200 ( ) and 200 ( ) . For the p states, the quantum numbers are 210 ( ) , 210 ( ) , 211( ) ,
1
211( ) ,
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1
21 ( 1)( ) , and 21 ( 1)( ) .
2 2
For the M state, n = 3, and 18 states are possible. Possible l values are 0, 1, and 2; possible ml
values are
1 1
0, ±1, and ±2; and possible ms values are . Therefore, for the s states, the quantum numbers
2
are 300 ( ) ,
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
300 ( ) , for the p states they are 310 ( ) , 310 ( ) , 311( ) , 311( ) , 31 ( 1)( ) , and 31 ( 1)( ) ;
for the d
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
states they are 320 ( ) , 320 ( ) , 321( ) , 321( ) , 32 ( 1)( ) , 32 ( 1) ( ) , 322 ( ) , 322 ( ) , 32
1
( 2)( ) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1
and 32 ( 2) ( ) .
2
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, 2-7
22.7The electron configurations for the ions are determined using Table 2.2 (and Figure 2.6).
P5+: 1s22s22p6
P3-: 1s22s22p63s23p6
Sn4+:
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d10
Se2-: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
I-: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
Ni2+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
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, 2-8
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COVERED
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids
4. Imperfections in Solids
5. Diffusion
6. Mechanical Properties of Metals
7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
8. Failure
9. Phase Diagrams
10. Phase Transformations—Development of Microstructure and Alteration of
Mechanical Properties
11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys
12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics
13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics
14. Polymer Structures
15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers
16. Composites
17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials
18. Electrical Properties
19. Thermal Properties
20. Magnetic Properties
21. Optical Properties
22. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and
Engineering
, 2-1
CHAPTER 2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Fundamental
Concepts Electrons in
Atoms
22.1Atomic mass is the mass of an individual atom, whereas atomic weight is the average
(weighted) of the atomic masses of an atom's naturally occurring isotopes.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
, 2-2
22.2 The average atomic weight of silicon ( ASi) is computed by adding fraction-of-
occurrence/atomic
weight products for the three isotopes. Thus
ASi = f28 A28 + f 29 A29 f30 A30
Si Si Si Si Si Si
(0.9223)(27.9769) + (0.0468)(28.9765) + (0.0309)(29.9738) =
28.0854
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
, 2-3
22.3(a) In order to determine the number of grams in one amu of material, appropriate
manipulation of the amu/atom, g/mol, and atom/mol relationships is all that is necessary, as
# g/amu = ⎛
⎜
1 mol ⎞ ⎛ 1 g / mol ⎞
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6.023 x 1023 atoms ⎠ ⎝1 amu /atom⎠
= 1.66 x 10-24 g/amu
(b) Since there are 453.6 g/lbm,
1 lb - mol = (453.6 g/lbm ) (6.023 x 10 23 atoms/g - mol)
= 2.73 x 1026 atoms/lb-mol
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
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, 2-4
22.4 (a) Two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom
are (1) that electrons are particles moving in discrete orbitals, and (2) electron energy is quantized
into shells.
(b) Two important refinements resulting from the wave-mechanical atomic model are (1) that
electron position is described in terms of a probability distribution, and (2) electron energy is quantized
into both shells and subshells--each electron is characterized by four quantum numbers.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
, 2-5
22.5The n quantum number designates the electron
shell. The l quantum number designates the
electron subshell.
The ml quantum number designates the number of electron states in each electron subshell.
The ms quantum number designates the spin moment on each electron.
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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
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, 2-6
22.6 For the L state, n = 2, and eight electron states are possible. Possible l values are 0 and 1, while
possible
1
m values are 0 and ±1; and possible m values are . Therefore, for the s states, the quantum
numbers are
l s 2
1 1 1 1 1
200 ( ) and 200 ( ) . For the p states, the quantum numbers are 210 ( ) , 210 ( ) , 211( ) ,
1
211( ) ,
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1
21 ( 1)( ) , and 21 ( 1)( ) .
2 2
For the M state, n = 3, and 18 states are possible. Possible l values are 0, 1, and 2; possible ml
values are
1 1
0, ±1, and ±2; and possible ms values are . Therefore, for the s states, the quantum numbers
2
are 300 ( ) ,
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
300 ( ) , for the p states they are 310 ( ) , 310 ( ) , 311( ) , 311( ) , 31 ( 1)( ) , and 31 ( 1)( ) ;
for the d
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
states they are 320 ( ) , 320 ( ) , 321( ) , 321( ) , 32 ( 1)( ) , 32 ( 1) ( ) , 322 ( ) , 322 ( ) , 32
1
( 2)( ) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1
and 32 ( 2) ( ) .
2
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, 2-7
22.7The electron configurations for the ions are determined using Table 2.2 (and Figure 2.6).
P5+: 1s22s22p6
P3-: 1s22s22p63s23p6
Sn4+:
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d10
Se2-: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
I-: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
Ni2+: 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted
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, 2-8
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