WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective
Assessment Questions and Verified
Answers | Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
Whats3iss3Starling'ss3Laws3ofs3Capillarys3forces?
Hows3doess3thiss3explains3whys3as3nutritionallys3deficients3childs3woulds3haves3edema?
-
s3☑️☑️Starling'ss3Laws3describess3hows3fluidss3moves3acrosss3thes3capillarys3membrane.s3Theres3ares3twos3m
ajors3opposings3forcess3thats3acts3tos3balances3eachs3other,s3hydrostatics3pressures3(pushings3waters3o
uts3ofs3thes3capillaries)s3ands3osmotics3pressures3(includings3oncontics3pressure,s3whichs3pushess3fluids3
intos3thes3capillaries).
Boths3electrolytess3ands3proteinss3(oncontics3pressure)s3ins3thes3bloods3affects3osmotics3pre
ssure,s3highs3electrolytes3ands3proteins3concentrationss3ins3thes3bloods3woulds3causes3wate
rs3tos3leaves3thes3cellss3ands3interstitials3spaces3ands3enters3thes3bloods3streams3tos3dilutes
3thes3highs3concentrations.
On,s3thes3others3hand,s3lows3electrolytes3ands3proteins3concentrationss3(ass3seens3ins3as3nutritionally
s3deficients3child)s3woulds3causes3waters3tos3leaves3thes3capillariess3ands3enters3thes3cellss3ands3inters
titials3fluids3whichs3cans3leads3tos3edema.
Hows3doess3thes3RAASs3(Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterones3System)s3results3ins3increaseds3bloods3volumes3ands3increaseds3bloods3pressure?
,WGUs3D236s3pathophysiologys3OAs3Exams3Studys3Guides32023s3Questionss3ands3Answers
-
s3☑️☑️As3drops3ins3bloods3pressures3iss3senseds3bys3thes3kidneyss3bys3lows3perfusion,s3whichs3ins3turns3
beginss3tos3secretes3renin.
Renins3thens3triggerss3thes3livers3tos3produces3angiotensinogen,s3whichs3iss3converteds3tos3Angiotensi
ns3Is3ins3thes3lungss3ands3thens3angiotensins3IIs3bys3thes3enzyme
Angiotensin-
convertings3enzymes3(ACE).s3Angiotensins3IIs3stimulatess3peripherals3arterials3vasoconstrictions3whichs3r
aisess3BP.
Angiotensins3IIs3iss3alsos3stimulatings3thes3adrenals3glands3tos3releases3aldosterone,s3whichs3actss3tos
3increases3sodiums3ands3waters3reabsorptions3increasings3bloods3volume,s3whiles3alsos3increaseds3pot
assiums3secretions3ins3urine.
Hows3cans3hyperkalemias3leads3tos3cardiacs3arrest?
-
s3☑️☑️Normals3levelss3ofs3potassiums3ares3betweens33.5s3ands35.2s3mEq/dL.s3Hyperkalemias3referss3tos3po
tassiums3levelss3highers3thats35.2s3mEq/dL.
As3majors3functions3ofs3potassiums3iss3tos3conducts3nerves3impulsess3ins3muscles.s3Toos3lows3ands3musc
les3weaknesss3occurss3ands3toos3muchs3cans3causes3muscles3spasms.
,WGUs3D236s3pathophysiologys3OAs3Exams3Studys3Guides32023s3Questionss3ands3Answers
Thiss3iss3especiallys3dangerouss3ins3thes3hearts3muscles3ands3ans3irregulars3heartbeats3cans3causes3as3he
arts3attack
Thes3bodys3usess3thes3Proteins3Bufferings3System,s3Phosphates3Bufferings3System,s3ands3Carbonics3Aci
d-
s3Bicarbonates3Systems3tos3regulates3ands3maintains3homeostatics3pH,s3whats3iss3thes3consequences3ofs
3as3pHs3imbalance
- ☑️☑️Proteinss3contains3manys3acidics3ands3basics3groups3thats3cans3bes3affecteds3bys3pHs3changes.s3Anys
3increases3ors3decreases3ins3bloods3pHs3cans3alters3thes3structures3ofs3thes3proteins3(denature),s3there
bys3affectings3itss3functions3ass3well
Describes3thes3laboratorys3findingss3associateds3withs3metabolics3acidosis,s3metabolics3alkalosis,s3respir
atorys3acidosiss3ands3respiratorys3alkalosis.s3(ies3relatives3pHs3ands3CO2s3levels).
- ☑️☑️Normals3ABGss3(Arterials3Bloods3Gases)s3Bloods3pH:s37.35-7.45s3PCO2:s335-45s3mms3Hgs3PO2:s390-
100s3mms3Hgs3HCO3-:s322-26s3mEq/Ls3SaO2:s395-100%
Respiratorys3acidosiss3ands3alkalosiss3ares3markeds3bys3changess3ins3PCO2.s3Highers3=s3acidosiss3ands3l
owers3=s3alkalosis
Metabolics3acidosiss3ands3alkalosiss3ares3causeds3bys3somethings3others3thans3abnormals3CO2s3levels.s3
Thiss3coulds3includes3toxicity,s3diabetes,s3renals3failures3ors3excessives3GIs3losses.
, WGUs3D236s3pathophysiologys3OAs3Exams3Studys3Guides32023s3Questionss3ands3Answers
Heres3ares3thes3ruless3tos3follows3tos3determines3ifs3iss3respiratorys3ors3metabolics3ins3nature.s3-
Ifs3pHs3ands3PCO2s3ares3movings3ins3opposites3directions,s3thens3its3iss3thes3pCO2s3levelss3thats3ares3ca
usings3thes3imbalances3ands3its3iss3respiratorys3ins3nature.
-
Ifs3PCO2s3iss3normals3ors3iss3movings3ins3thes3sames3directions3ass3thes3pH,s3thens3thes3imbalances3iss3
metabolics3ins3nature.
Thes3anions3gaps3iss3thes3differences3betweens3measureds3cationss3(Na+s3ands3K+)s3ands3measureds3a
nionss3(Cl-s3ands3HCO3-
),s3thiss3calculations3cans3bes3usefuls3ins3determinings3thes3causes3ofs3metabolics3acidosis.
Whys3woulds3ans3increaseds3anions3gaps3bes3observeds3ins3diabetics3ketoacidosiss3ors3lactics3acidosis?
- ☑️☑️Thes3anions3gaps3iss3thes3calculations3ofs3unmeasureds3anionss3ins3thes3blood.
Lactics3acids3ands3ketoness3boths3leads3tos3thes3productions3ofs3unmeasureds3anions,s3whichs3removes3
HCO3-
s3(as3measureds3anion)s3dues3tos3bufferings3ofs3thes3excesss3H+s3ands3therefores3leadss3tos3ans3increas
es3ins3thes3AG.
Whys3iss3its3importants3tos3maintains3as3homeostatics3balances3ofs3glucoses3ins3thes3bloods3(ies3describ
es3thes3pathogenesiss3ofs3diabetes)?
Assessment Questions and Verified
Answers | Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
Whats3iss3Starling'ss3Laws3ofs3Capillarys3forces?
Hows3doess3thiss3explains3whys3as3nutritionallys3deficients3childs3woulds3haves3edema?
-
s3☑️☑️Starling'ss3Laws3describess3hows3fluidss3moves3acrosss3thes3capillarys3membrane.s3Theres3ares3twos3m
ajors3opposings3forcess3thats3acts3tos3balances3eachs3other,s3hydrostatics3pressures3(pushings3waters3o
uts3ofs3thes3capillaries)s3ands3osmotics3pressures3(includings3oncontics3pressure,s3whichs3pushess3fluids3
intos3thes3capillaries).
Boths3electrolytess3ands3proteinss3(oncontics3pressure)s3ins3thes3bloods3affects3osmotics3pre
ssure,s3highs3electrolytes3ands3proteins3concentrationss3ins3thes3bloods3woulds3causes3wate
rs3tos3leaves3thes3cellss3ands3interstitials3spaces3ands3enters3thes3bloods3streams3tos3dilutes
3thes3highs3concentrations.
On,s3thes3others3hand,s3lows3electrolytes3ands3proteins3concentrationss3(ass3seens3ins3as3nutritionally
s3deficients3child)s3woulds3causes3waters3tos3leaves3thes3capillariess3ands3enters3thes3cellss3ands3inters
titials3fluids3whichs3cans3leads3tos3edema.
Hows3doess3thes3RAASs3(Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterones3System)s3results3ins3increaseds3bloods3volumes3ands3increaseds3bloods3pressure?
,WGUs3D236s3pathophysiologys3OAs3Exams3Studys3Guides32023s3Questionss3ands3Answers
-
s3☑️☑️As3drops3ins3bloods3pressures3iss3senseds3bys3thes3kidneyss3bys3lows3perfusion,s3whichs3ins3turns3
beginss3tos3secretes3renin.
Renins3thens3triggerss3thes3livers3tos3produces3angiotensinogen,s3whichs3iss3converteds3tos3Angiotensi
ns3Is3ins3thes3lungss3ands3thens3angiotensins3IIs3bys3thes3enzyme
Angiotensin-
convertings3enzymes3(ACE).s3Angiotensins3IIs3stimulatess3peripherals3arterials3vasoconstrictions3whichs3r
aisess3BP.
Angiotensins3IIs3iss3alsos3stimulatings3thes3adrenals3glands3tos3releases3aldosterone,s3whichs3actss3tos
3increases3sodiums3ands3waters3reabsorptions3increasings3bloods3volume,s3whiles3alsos3increaseds3pot
assiums3secretions3ins3urine.
Hows3cans3hyperkalemias3leads3tos3cardiacs3arrest?
-
s3☑️☑️Normals3levelss3ofs3potassiums3ares3betweens33.5s3ands35.2s3mEq/dL.s3Hyperkalemias3referss3tos3po
tassiums3levelss3highers3thats35.2s3mEq/dL.
As3majors3functions3ofs3potassiums3iss3tos3conducts3nerves3impulsess3ins3muscles.s3Toos3lows3ands3musc
les3weaknesss3occurss3ands3toos3muchs3cans3causes3muscles3spasms.
,WGUs3D236s3pathophysiologys3OAs3Exams3Studys3Guides32023s3Questionss3ands3Answers
Thiss3iss3especiallys3dangerouss3ins3thes3hearts3muscles3ands3ans3irregulars3heartbeats3cans3causes3as3he
arts3attack
Thes3bodys3usess3thes3Proteins3Bufferings3System,s3Phosphates3Bufferings3System,s3ands3Carbonics3Aci
d-
s3Bicarbonates3Systems3tos3regulates3ands3maintains3homeostatics3pH,s3whats3iss3thes3consequences3ofs
3as3pHs3imbalance
- ☑️☑️Proteinss3contains3manys3acidics3ands3basics3groups3thats3cans3bes3affecteds3bys3pHs3changes.s3Anys
3increases3ors3decreases3ins3bloods3pHs3cans3alters3thes3structures3ofs3thes3proteins3(denature),s3there
bys3affectings3itss3functions3ass3well
Describes3thes3laboratorys3findingss3associateds3withs3metabolics3acidosis,s3metabolics3alkalosis,s3respir
atorys3acidosiss3ands3respiratorys3alkalosis.s3(ies3relatives3pHs3ands3CO2s3levels).
- ☑️☑️Normals3ABGss3(Arterials3Bloods3Gases)s3Bloods3pH:s37.35-7.45s3PCO2:s335-45s3mms3Hgs3PO2:s390-
100s3mms3Hgs3HCO3-:s322-26s3mEq/Ls3SaO2:s395-100%
Respiratorys3acidosiss3ands3alkalosiss3ares3markeds3bys3changess3ins3PCO2.s3Highers3=s3acidosiss3ands3l
owers3=s3alkalosis
Metabolics3acidosiss3ands3alkalosiss3ares3causeds3bys3somethings3others3thans3abnormals3CO2s3levels.s3
Thiss3coulds3includes3toxicity,s3diabetes,s3renals3failures3ors3excessives3GIs3losses.
, WGUs3D236s3pathophysiologys3OAs3Exams3Studys3Guides32023s3Questionss3ands3Answers
Heres3ares3thes3ruless3tos3follows3tos3determines3ifs3iss3respiratorys3ors3metabolics3ins3nature.s3-
Ifs3pHs3ands3PCO2s3ares3movings3ins3opposites3directions,s3thens3its3iss3thes3pCO2s3levelss3thats3ares3ca
usings3thes3imbalances3ands3its3iss3respiratorys3ins3nature.
-
Ifs3PCO2s3iss3normals3ors3iss3movings3ins3thes3sames3directions3ass3thes3pH,s3thens3thes3imbalances3iss3
metabolics3ins3nature.
Thes3anions3gaps3iss3thes3differences3betweens3measureds3cationss3(Na+s3ands3K+)s3ands3measureds3a
nionss3(Cl-s3ands3HCO3-
),s3thiss3calculations3cans3bes3usefuls3ins3determinings3thes3causes3ofs3metabolics3acidosis.
Whys3woulds3ans3increaseds3anions3gaps3bes3observeds3ins3diabetics3ketoacidosiss3ors3lactics3acidosis?
- ☑️☑️Thes3anions3gaps3iss3thes3calculations3ofs3unmeasureds3anionss3ins3thes3blood.
Lactics3acids3ands3ketoness3boths3leads3tos3thes3productions3ofs3unmeasureds3anions,s3whichs3removes3
HCO3-
s3(as3measureds3anion)s3dues3tos3bufferings3ofs3thes3excesss3H+s3ands3therefores3leadss3tos3ans3increas
es3ins3thes3AG.
Whys3iss3its3importants3tos3maintains3as3homeostatics3balances3ofs3glucoses3ins3thes3bloods3(ies3describ
es3thes3pathogenesiss3ofs3diabetes)?
