PSYCH 464 LATEST MIDTERM EXAM 2025.2026
VERIFIED QUESTION AND ANSWER (ORIGINAL
PDF)
advantages of cross sectional
quick and inexpensive,
no dropping out cause its one-time point
disadvantages of cross sectional
cohort differences, no age changes, selection bias
time-lag design
pulling different age groups
EX: a study on the effects of sleep on academic performance
advantages of time-lag
cost effective, focuses on generational changes, separates age and generation effects
disadvantages of time-lag
expensive, cannot control age change effects
time-sequential
2 or more cross sectional studies carried out in different times-you can't look at age
EX: enrolling 3 separate groups of children (groups A, B, C)
advantage of time-sequential
Sequential designs allow researchers to study changes over time
, disadvantages of time-sequential
takes more time for data
cohort-sequential design
2 or more overlapping studies. Cohort effects are minimized and age is not confounded with cohort
EX: testing different age groups
advantages of cohort-sequential design
efficient data collection, greater external validity
disadvantages of cohort-sequential design
- Requires considerable time and money
- Many participants drop out over the course of the study
between-subjects design
A research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental
conditions or to control conditions.
EX: An experiment testing the effectiveness of a new drug on blood pressure, where one group receives
the drug (experimental group) and another group receives a placebo (control group).
advantages of between subject design
Less time to participate
disadvantages of between subject
More participants, selection bias, less powerful
techniques to overcome selection bias
Random assignment: Randomly assigning participants to different groups ensures that the groups are
similar in terms of relevant characteristics, minimizing the risk of selection bias.
Matching: If random assignment is not possible, researchers can match participants based on relevant
characteristics
VERIFIED QUESTION AND ANSWER (ORIGINAL
PDF)
advantages of cross sectional
quick and inexpensive,
no dropping out cause its one-time point
disadvantages of cross sectional
cohort differences, no age changes, selection bias
time-lag design
pulling different age groups
EX: a study on the effects of sleep on academic performance
advantages of time-lag
cost effective, focuses on generational changes, separates age and generation effects
disadvantages of time-lag
expensive, cannot control age change effects
time-sequential
2 or more cross sectional studies carried out in different times-you can't look at age
EX: enrolling 3 separate groups of children (groups A, B, C)
advantage of time-sequential
Sequential designs allow researchers to study changes over time
, disadvantages of time-sequential
takes more time for data
cohort-sequential design
2 or more overlapping studies. Cohort effects are minimized and age is not confounded with cohort
EX: testing different age groups
advantages of cohort-sequential design
efficient data collection, greater external validity
disadvantages of cohort-sequential design
- Requires considerable time and money
- Many participants drop out over the course of the study
between-subjects design
A research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental
conditions or to control conditions.
EX: An experiment testing the effectiveness of a new drug on blood pressure, where one group receives
the drug (experimental group) and another group receives a placebo (control group).
advantages of between subject design
Less time to participate
disadvantages of between subject
More participants, selection bias, less powerful
techniques to overcome selection bias
Random assignment: Randomly assigning participants to different groups ensures that the groups are
similar in terms of relevant characteristics, minimizing the risk of selection bias.
Matching: If random assignment is not possible, researchers can match participants based on relevant
characteristics
