Instructor’s Solution Manual $zy $zy
Artificial Intelligence $zy
A Modern Approach
$zy $zy $zy
Fourth Edition $zy
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
$zy $zy $z y $zy $z y
with contributions from
$zy $zy
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex
$zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy
Rudnick, Mehran Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
$zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy
This $zysolution $zymanual $zyis $zyintended $zyfor $zythe $zyinstructor $zyof $zya $zyclass. $zyStudents $zyshould
$zyuse $zythe $zyonline $zysite $zyfor $zyexercises $zyat $zyaimacode.github.io/aima-
exercises. $ z y That $zysite $zyis $zyopen $zyfor $zyanyone $zyto $zyuse. $zyIt $zyoffers $zysolutions $zyfor
$zysome $zybut $zynot $zyall $zyof $zythe $zyexercises; $zyan $zyinstructor $zycan $zycheck $zythere $zyto $zysee $zywhich
$zyones $zyhave $zysolutions. $ z y The $zyexercises $zyare $zyonline $zyrather $zythan $zyin $zythe $zytextbook
$zyitself $zybecause $zy(a) $zythe $zytextbook $zyis $zylong $zyenough $zyas $zyis, $zyand $zy(b) $zywe $zywanted
$zyto $zybe $zyable $zyto $zyupdate $zythe $zyexercises $zyfrequently.
Copyright $zy© $zy2022
© $zy2023 $zyPearson $zyEducation, $zyHoboken, $zyNJ. $zyAll
$zyrights $zyreserved.
,EXERCISES $ z y $zy
1
INTRODUCTION
Note $zythat $zyfor $zymany $zyof $zythe $zyquestions $zyin $zythis $zychapter, $zywe $zygive $zyreferences $zywhere
$zyanswers $zycan $zybe $zyfound $zyrather $zythan $zywriting $zythem $zyout—the $zyfull $zyanswers $zywould
$zybe $zyfar $zytoo $zylong.
1.1 $ z y What Is AI?
$zy $zy
Exercise $zy1.1.#DEFA
Define $zyin $zyyour $zyown $zywords: $ z y (a) $zyintelligence, $zy(b) $zyartificial $zyintelligence, $zy(c)
$zyagent, $zy(d) $zyra- $zytionality, $zy(e) $zylogical $zyreasoning.
a. Dictionary $zydefinitions $zyof $zyintelligence $zytalk $zyabout $zy“the $zycapacity $zyto $zyacquire
$zyand $zyapply $zyknowledge” $zyor $zy“the $zyfaculty $zyof $zythought $zyand $zyreason” $zyor $zy“the
$zyability $zyto $zycomprehend $zyand $zyprofit $zyfrom $zyexperience.” $ z y These $zyare $zyall
$zyreasonable $zyanswers, $zybut $zyif $zywe $zywant $zysomething $zyquantifiable $zywe $zywould
$zyuse $zysomething $zylike $zy“the $zyability $zyto $zyact $zysuccessfully $zyacross $zya $zywide $zyrange
$zyof $zyobjectives $zyin $zycomplex $zyenvironments.”
b. We $zydefine $zyartificial $zyintelligence $zyas $zythe $zystudy $zyand $zyconstruction $zyof $zyagent
$zyprograms $zythat $zyperform $zywell $zyin $zya $zygiven $zyclass $zyof $zyenvironments, $zyfor $zya
$zygiven $zyagent $zyarchitecture; $zythey $zydo $zythe $zyright $zything. $ z y An $zyimportant $zypart
$zyof $zythat $zyis $zydealing $zywith $zythe $zyuncertainty $zyof $zywhat $zythe $zycurrent $zystate $zyis,
$zywhat $zythe $zyoutcome $zyof $zypossible $zyactions $zymight $zybe, $zyand $zywhat $zyis $zyit $zythat
$zywe $zyreally $zydesire.
c. We $zydefine $zyan $zyagent $zyas $zyan $zyentity $zythat $zytakes $zyaction $zyin $zyresponse $zyto
$zypercepts $zyfrom $zyan $zyenvi- $zyronment.
d. We $zydefine $zyrationality $zyas $zythe $zyproperty $zyof $zya $zysystem $zywhich $zydoes $zythe
$zy“right $zything” $zygiven $zywhat $zyit $zyknows. $ z y See $zySection $zy2.2 $zyfor $zya $zymore
$zycomplete $zydiscussion. $ z y The $zybasic $zyconcept $zyis $zyperfect $zyrationality; $zySection $zy??
$zydescribes $zythe $zyimpossibility $zyof $zyachieving $zyperfect $zyrational- $zyity $zyand $zyproposes
$zyan $zyalternative $zydefinition.
e. We $zydefine $zylogical $zyreasoning $zyas $zythe $zya $zyprocess $zyof $zyderiving $zynew $zysentences
$zyfrom $zyold, $zysuch $zythat $zythe $zynew $zysentences $zyare $zynecessarily $zytrue $zyif $zythe $zyold $zyones
$zyare $zytrue. $zy(Notice $zythat $zydoes $zynot $zyrefer $zyto $zyany $zyspecific $zysyntax $zyor $zyformal
$zylanguage, $zybut $zyit $zydoes $zyrequire $zya $zywell-defined $zynotion $zyof $zytruth.)
© $zy2023 $zyPearson $zyEducation, $zyHoboken, $zyNJ. $zyAll
$zyrights $zyreserved.
,Exercise $zy1.1.#TURI
Read $zyTuring’s $zyoriginal $zypaper $zyon $zyAI $zy(Turing, $zy1950). $ z y In $zythe $zypaper, $zyhe
$zydiscusses $zyseveral $zyobjections $zyto $zyhis $zyproposed $zyenterprise $zyand $zyhis $zytest $zyfor $zyintelligence.
$zyWhich $zyobjections $zystill $zycarry
© $zy2023 $zyPearson $zyEducation, $zyHoboken, $zyNJ. $zyAll
$zyrights $zyreserved.
,
Artificial Intelligence $zy
A Modern Approach
$zy $zy $zy
Fourth Edition $zy
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
$zy $zy $z y $zy $z y
with contributions from
$zy $zy
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex
$zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy
Rudnick, Mehran Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
$zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy $zy
This $zysolution $zymanual $zyis $zyintended $zyfor $zythe $zyinstructor $zyof $zya $zyclass. $zyStudents $zyshould
$zyuse $zythe $zyonline $zysite $zyfor $zyexercises $zyat $zyaimacode.github.io/aima-
exercises. $ z y That $zysite $zyis $zyopen $zyfor $zyanyone $zyto $zyuse. $zyIt $zyoffers $zysolutions $zyfor
$zysome $zybut $zynot $zyall $zyof $zythe $zyexercises; $zyan $zyinstructor $zycan $zycheck $zythere $zyto $zysee $zywhich
$zyones $zyhave $zysolutions. $ z y The $zyexercises $zyare $zyonline $zyrather $zythan $zyin $zythe $zytextbook
$zyitself $zybecause $zy(a) $zythe $zytextbook $zyis $zylong $zyenough $zyas $zyis, $zyand $zy(b) $zywe $zywanted
$zyto $zybe $zyable $zyto $zyupdate $zythe $zyexercises $zyfrequently.
Copyright $zy© $zy2022
© $zy2023 $zyPearson $zyEducation, $zyHoboken, $zyNJ. $zyAll
$zyrights $zyreserved.
,EXERCISES $ z y $zy
1
INTRODUCTION
Note $zythat $zyfor $zymany $zyof $zythe $zyquestions $zyin $zythis $zychapter, $zywe $zygive $zyreferences $zywhere
$zyanswers $zycan $zybe $zyfound $zyrather $zythan $zywriting $zythem $zyout—the $zyfull $zyanswers $zywould
$zybe $zyfar $zytoo $zylong.
1.1 $ z y What Is AI?
$zy $zy
Exercise $zy1.1.#DEFA
Define $zyin $zyyour $zyown $zywords: $ z y (a) $zyintelligence, $zy(b) $zyartificial $zyintelligence, $zy(c)
$zyagent, $zy(d) $zyra- $zytionality, $zy(e) $zylogical $zyreasoning.
a. Dictionary $zydefinitions $zyof $zyintelligence $zytalk $zyabout $zy“the $zycapacity $zyto $zyacquire
$zyand $zyapply $zyknowledge” $zyor $zy“the $zyfaculty $zyof $zythought $zyand $zyreason” $zyor $zy“the
$zyability $zyto $zycomprehend $zyand $zyprofit $zyfrom $zyexperience.” $ z y These $zyare $zyall
$zyreasonable $zyanswers, $zybut $zyif $zywe $zywant $zysomething $zyquantifiable $zywe $zywould
$zyuse $zysomething $zylike $zy“the $zyability $zyto $zyact $zysuccessfully $zyacross $zya $zywide $zyrange
$zyof $zyobjectives $zyin $zycomplex $zyenvironments.”
b. We $zydefine $zyartificial $zyintelligence $zyas $zythe $zystudy $zyand $zyconstruction $zyof $zyagent
$zyprograms $zythat $zyperform $zywell $zyin $zya $zygiven $zyclass $zyof $zyenvironments, $zyfor $zya
$zygiven $zyagent $zyarchitecture; $zythey $zydo $zythe $zyright $zything. $ z y An $zyimportant $zypart
$zyof $zythat $zyis $zydealing $zywith $zythe $zyuncertainty $zyof $zywhat $zythe $zycurrent $zystate $zyis,
$zywhat $zythe $zyoutcome $zyof $zypossible $zyactions $zymight $zybe, $zyand $zywhat $zyis $zyit $zythat
$zywe $zyreally $zydesire.
c. We $zydefine $zyan $zyagent $zyas $zyan $zyentity $zythat $zytakes $zyaction $zyin $zyresponse $zyto
$zypercepts $zyfrom $zyan $zyenvi- $zyronment.
d. We $zydefine $zyrationality $zyas $zythe $zyproperty $zyof $zya $zysystem $zywhich $zydoes $zythe
$zy“right $zything” $zygiven $zywhat $zyit $zyknows. $ z y See $zySection $zy2.2 $zyfor $zya $zymore
$zycomplete $zydiscussion. $ z y The $zybasic $zyconcept $zyis $zyperfect $zyrationality; $zySection $zy??
$zydescribes $zythe $zyimpossibility $zyof $zyachieving $zyperfect $zyrational- $zyity $zyand $zyproposes
$zyan $zyalternative $zydefinition.
e. We $zydefine $zylogical $zyreasoning $zyas $zythe $zya $zyprocess $zyof $zyderiving $zynew $zysentences
$zyfrom $zyold, $zysuch $zythat $zythe $zynew $zysentences $zyare $zynecessarily $zytrue $zyif $zythe $zyold $zyones
$zyare $zytrue. $zy(Notice $zythat $zydoes $zynot $zyrefer $zyto $zyany $zyspecific $zysyntax $zyor $zyformal
$zylanguage, $zybut $zyit $zydoes $zyrequire $zya $zywell-defined $zynotion $zyof $zytruth.)
© $zy2023 $zyPearson $zyEducation, $zyHoboken, $zyNJ. $zyAll
$zyrights $zyreserved.
,Exercise $zy1.1.#TURI
Read $zyTuring’s $zyoriginal $zypaper $zyon $zyAI $zy(Turing, $zy1950). $ z y In $zythe $zypaper, $zyhe
$zydiscusses $zyseveral $zyobjections $zyto $zyhis $zyproposed $zyenterprise $zyand $zyhis $zytest $zyfor $zyintelligence.
$zyWhich $zyobjections $zystill $zycarry
© $zy2023 $zyPearson $zyEducation, $zyHoboken, $zyNJ. $zyAll
$zyrights $zyreserved.
,
