PN FINAL EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Insulin. - ANS - Pancreatic hormone necessary for the metabolism of glucose.
Insulin independence - ANS - ability of client's own naturally produced insulin to regulate
blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
Insulin resistance - ANS - decreased sensitivity to insulin at the tissue level
Insulin : type 1 - ANS no insulin is produced
Insulin : type 2 - ANS not enough insulin
Hypoglycemia - ANS low level of sugar in the blood
Hyperglycemia - ANS is an increased level of sugar in the blood
Alzheimer's disease: early stage - ANS mild impairment, short term memory loss and
depression
1
Page
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, Alzheimer's disease: middle stage - ANS increased need for assistance with ADL's (Activities
of daily living and IADL's (instrumental activities of daily living)
Alzheimer's disease - ANS Late Stage
24-hour care is required, unable to communicate or look after themselves
What are characteristics of vascular? - ANS Vascular Dementia is caused by small cerebral
infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more rapid, and the disease
progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the brain
Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? - ANS Dementia is an irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive
function, affecting
- memory
2
- orientation
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, - judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
Signs and Symptoms of dementia - ANS Signs and Symptoms
- decline in memory, reasoning, and communication
- changes in behavior
- loss of skills (ADL's and IADL's)
- movement difficulties
What is front temporal dementia? - ANS Dementia is an irreversible, progressive impairment
in cognitive function, affecting
- memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and Symptoms
3
- decline in memory, reasoning, and communication
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
ANSWERS
Insulin. - ANS - Pancreatic hormone necessary for the metabolism of glucose.
Insulin independence - ANS - ability of client's own naturally produced insulin to regulate
blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
Insulin resistance - ANS - decreased sensitivity to insulin at the tissue level
Insulin : type 1 - ANS no insulin is produced
Insulin : type 2 - ANS not enough insulin
Hypoglycemia - ANS low level of sugar in the blood
Hyperglycemia - ANS is an increased level of sugar in the blood
Alzheimer's disease: early stage - ANS mild impairment, short term memory loss and
depression
1
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, Alzheimer's disease: middle stage - ANS increased need for assistance with ADL's (Activities
of daily living and IADL's (instrumental activities of daily living)
Alzheimer's disease - ANS Late Stage
24-hour care is required, unable to communicate or look after themselves
What are characteristics of vascular? - ANS Vascular Dementia is caused by small cerebral
infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more rapid, and the disease
progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the brain
Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? - ANS Dementia is an irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive
function, affecting
- memory
2
- orientation
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, - judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
Signs and Symptoms of dementia - ANS Signs and Symptoms
- decline in memory, reasoning, and communication
- changes in behavior
- loss of skills (ADL's and IADL's)
- movement difficulties
What is front temporal dementia? - ANS Dementia is an irreversible, progressive impairment
in cognitive function, affecting
- memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and Symptoms
3
- decline in memory, reasoning, and communication
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
