C217 Study Guide – WGU 2025/2026
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1. Which type of research is primarily used to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
a) Correlational
b) Experimental
c) Descriptive
d) Qualitative
2. The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is called:
a) Dependent variable
b) Control variable
c) Independent variable
d) Confounding variable
3. Which research method involves studying people in their natural environment without
manipulation?
a) Survey
b) Experiment
c) Naturalistic observation
d) Case study
4. In Erikson’s psychosocial stages, adolescence is associated with:
a) Trust vs. mistrust
b) Initiative vs. guilt
c) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Autonomy vs. shame
5. Which type of validity refers to whether a test measures what it claims to measure?
a) Internal validity
b) Reliability
,c) Construct validity
d) External validity
6. A positive correlation means:
a) As one variable increases, the other decreases
b) No relationship exists
c) As one variable increases, the other also increases
d) Variables are unrelated
7. Piaget’s stage where children develop logical reasoning about concrete events is:
a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Concrete operational
d) Formal operational
8. Which sampling method ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of
selection?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Random sampling
c) Snowball sampling
d) Quota sampling
9. Which type of research involves in-depth study of one individual or group?
a) Correlational
b) Experimental
c) Case study
d) Cross-sectional
10. Which ethical principle requires that participants be fully informed before agreeing to take
part?
a) Justice
b) Informed consent
c) Confidentiality
d) Nonmaleficence
11. The dependent variable is:
a) The factor that is manipulated
b) The outcome measured
c) The controlled factor
d) The random factor
, 12. In cross-sectional research, data are collected:
a) Over many years
b) At one point in time
c) From experimental groups only
d) Sequentially
13. Which statistical measure represents the average score?
a) Mode
b) Mean
c) Median
d) Range
14. The process of assigning participants to conditions by chance is:
a) Random sampling
b) Random assignment
c) Stratification
d) Systematic sampling
15. Which theory emphasizes observable behavior and external stimuli?
a) Humanistic
b) Behavioral
c) Psychodynamic
d) Cognitive
16. Which developmental psychologist proposed the hierarchy of needs?
a) Piaget
b) Maslow
c) Erikson
d) Bandura
17. Which term describes consistency of a measurement over time?
a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Accuracy
d) Variability
18. In lifespan development, middle adulthood is generally considered to be:
a) 20–40 years
b) 40–65 years
Verified Questions & Accurate Solutions
with Explanations || 100% Pass Guaranteed
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Which type of research is primarily used to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
a) Correlational
b) Experimental
c) Descriptive
d) Qualitative
2. The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is called:
a) Dependent variable
b) Control variable
c) Independent variable
d) Confounding variable
3. Which research method involves studying people in their natural environment without
manipulation?
a) Survey
b) Experiment
c) Naturalistic observation
d) Case study
4. In Erikson’s psychosocial stages, adolescence is associated with:
a) Trust vs. mistrust
b) Initiative vs. guilt
c) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Autonomy vs. shame
5. Which type of validity refers to whether a test measures what it claims to measure?
a) Internal validity
b) Reliability
,c) Construct validity
d) External validity
6. A positive correlation means:
a) As one variable increases, the other decreases
b) No relationship exists
c) As one variable increases, the other also increases
d) Variables are unrelated
7. Piaget’s stage where children develop logical reasoning about concrete events is:
a) Sensorimotor
b) Preoperational
c) Concrete operational
d) Formal operational
8. Which sampling method ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of
selection?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Random sampling
c) Snowball sampling
d) Quota sampling
9. Which type of research involves in-depth study of one individual or group?
a) Correlational
b) Experimental
c) Case study
d) Cross-sectional
10. Which ethical principle requires that participants be fully informed before agreeing to take
part?
a) Justice
b) Informed consent
c) Confidentiality
d) Nonmaleficence
11. The dependent variable is:
a) The factor that is manipulated
b) The outcome measured
c) The controlled factor
d) The random factor
, 12. In cross-sectional research, data are collected:
a) Over many years
b) At one point in time
c) From experimental groups only
d) Sequentially
13. Which statistical measure represents the average score?
a) Mode
b) Mean
c) Median
d) Range
14. The process of assigning participants to conditions by chance is:
a) Random sampling
b) Random assignment
c) Stratification
d) Systematic sampling
15. Which theory emphasizes observable behavior and external stimuli?
a) Humanistic
b) Behavioral
c) Psychodynamic
d) Cognitive
16. Which developmental psychologist proposed the hierarchy of needs?
a) Piaget
b) Maslow
c) Erikson
d) Bandura
17. Which term describes consistency of a measurement over time?
a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Accuracy
d) Variability
18. In lifespan development, middle adulthood is generally considered to be:
a) 20–40 years
b) 40–65 years
