BIO 168 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(GRADED A+)

BIO 168 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(GRADED A+)
Define Anatomy - ANSWERAnatomy studies the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined
closely

Define Physiology - ANSWERPhysiology concerns the function of the body, in other
words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Why study A and P together - ANSWERBecause function always reflects structure.
For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard
mineral deposits, and blood flows in one direction through the heart because the
heart has valves that prevent backflow.

What is homeostasis? - ANSWERHomeostasis is used to describe its ability to
maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes
continuously. Although the literal translation of homeostasis is "unchanging," the
term does not really mean a static, or unchanging, state. Rather, it indicates a
dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance, in which internal conditions vary, but
always within relatively narrow limits. In general, the body is in homeostasis when its
needs are adequately met and it is functioning smoothly.

What does feedback control do? - ANSWERRegardless of the factor or event being
regulated—the variable—all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three
interdependent components (Figure 1.4). The first component, the receptor, is some
type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called
stimuli, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center.
Input flows from the receptor to the control center along the so-called afferent
pathway. The control center, which determines the set point (the level or range at
which a variable is to be maintained), analyzes the input it receives and then
determines the appropriate response or course of action. The third component, the
effector, provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the
stimulus. Information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent
pathway. The results of the response then feed back to influence the stimulus, either
depressing it (negative feedback) so that the whole control mechanism is shut off or
enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the reaction continues at an even faster rate

How are negative and positive feedback control different and Give an example of
each - ANSWERNegative Feedback is self-regulatory mechanism - Received info
about change, then reverses change back toward normal -output shuts off stimulus -
prevent small changes from becoming too large Ex - Blood glucose or Body
temperature. Positive Feedback is rare because output enhances stimulus -Ex -
Labor or Blood clotting

,what are the Eleven body systems - ANSWERIntegumentary, Skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary,
reproductive

Give general functions and organs in Integumentary - ANSWER********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ:skin

Give general functions and organs in Skeletal - ANSWERFunction: Protects &
supports body organs. Organ: bones

Give general functions and organs in muscular - ANSWERFunction: Allows
manipulation of the environment Organ: muscles - skeletal, smooth in organs and
vessels, cardiac

Give general functions and organs in nervous - ANSWER********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ: brain, spinal cord, peripheral

Give general functions and organs in endocrine - ANSWER********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ: hormones - sex organs, thyroid, pancreas

Give general functions and organs in cardiovascular - ANSWERFunction: Blood
vessels carry blood with O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc, and heart pumps blood.
Organ: heart and vessels

Give general functions and organs in lymphatic - ANSWERFunction: Picks up fluid
leaked from blood vessels. Organ: Lymph Nodes

Give general functions and organs in respiratory - ANSWERFunction: Keeps blood
full of O2 and remove CO2. Organ: lungs

Give general functions and organs in digestive - ANSWERFunction: breaks down
food into absorbable units. Organ: esophagus, stomach, intestines

Give general functions and organs in urinary - ANSWERFunction: Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes from the body. Organ: kidneys, bladder

Give general functions and organs in reproductive? - ANSWER********Need More.
Function: _________ Organ: reproduction and secondary sex characteristics

Define metabolism? - ANSWERMetabolism (mĕ-tab′o-lizm; "a state of change") is a
broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It
includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (more
specifically called catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from
simpler substances (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via
cellular respiration) ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.
Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and
oxygen available to the blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute these
needed substances throughout the body. Metabolism is regulated largely by
hormones secreted by endocrine system glands.

, What are the three subatomic particles? - ANSWERProton (+), Neutron (no charge),
electrons~Orbitals (-)

Know the three subatomic particles by charge and location? - ANSWER********Need
More

What are the 4 major Elements in the body? - ANSWERC - carbon, H - hydrogen, O
- oxygen, N - nitrogen

Know names and symbols C, H, O, N, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Fe, P, S, I? - ANSWERCa -
calcium, P - phosphorus, K - potassium, Na - sodium

Isotopes what are they - relate them to a medical use? - ANSWER"Atoms w unusual
number of neutrons are called isotopes. Radioactive Isotopes atoms that undergo
spontaneous decay will give off radioactivity as it returns to common state. In
medicine, to diagnose, we use radioactive isotopes that return to stable state in only
a dew days (tracers) - tracked by radiation they emit. Cancer treatment different
isotopes w longer lifespans"

Chemical Bonds? - ANSWERForces that hold atoms together in compounds.
Breaking bonds releases stored energy (think digestion)

What atoms form Ionic types of bonds? - ANSWERNaCl

How is Ionic bond formed? - ANSWERtransferred electrons

What is the strength of Ionic bond? - ANSWERweaker

What atoms form Covalent types of bonds? - ANSWERC, H, O, N

How is Covalent bond formed? - ANSWERshared electrons

What is the strength of Covalent bond? - ANSWERvery tight

Polar covalent - importance in hydrogen bonding? - ANSWERPolar covalent bonds
have charged ends that attract molecules that have the opposite charge. These are
responsible for bonds between water molecules

Hydogen bond - what is it and how strong? - ANSWERis a Polar covalent bond. It is
weak (polar attractions). The H+ bond to the O- and so on.

Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each
for Synthesis? - ANSWERSynthesis is forming a compound: A + B --> AB

Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each
for Decomposition? - ANSWER"Decomposition - breaking a compound and
releasing energy AB --> A + B "

Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each
for Reversible? - ANSWERReversible A + B <-->AB (arrow should go both ways)