NU 673
NU 673 Midterm Exam Study Guide Questions
and Answers Graded A+ 2025
This consists of aggregations of neuronal cell bodies. It rims the surfaces of the
cerebral hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
A. Gray matter
B. White matter -Correct Answers ✔-A. Gray matter
- Deep in the brain lie additional clusters of gray matter (Fig. 17-2). These include
the basal ganglia, which affect movement, and the thalamus and the hypothala-
mus structures in the diencephalon. The thalamus processes sensory impulses and
relays them to the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis
(Bickley)
- and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The hypothalamus
affects the endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors such as anger and
sexual drive. Hormones secreted in the hypothalamus act directly on the pituitary
gland.
This consists of neuronal axons that are coated with myelin. The myelin sheaths,
which create the white color, allow nerve impulses to travel more rapidly.
A. Gray matter
B. White matter -Correct Answers ✔-B. White matter
- The internal capsule is a white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge
from all parts of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem. The brainstem,
which connects the upper part of the brain with the spinal cord, has three sections:
the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. (Bickley)
Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a
structure in the diencephalon and upper brainstem
A. Reticular activating system
B. Cerebellum -Correct Answers ✔-A. Reticular activating system
- Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a
structure in the diencephalon and upper brainstem, the reticular activating (arousal)
system.
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- The cerebellum, which lies at the base of the brain, coordinates all movement and
helps maintain the body upright in space. (Bickley)
Determine how many segements of the ff
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral -Correct Answers ✔-A. Cervical C1-C8
B. Thoracic T1-T12
C. Lumbar L1-L5
D. Sacral S1-S5
This regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations of touch and pain
A. Somatic
B. Autonomic -Correct Answers ✔-A. Somatic
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of both CNs and peripheral nerves
that project to the heart, visceral organs, skin, and limbs. It controls the somatic
nervous system, which regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations
of touch and pain, and the autonomic nervous system that connects to internal
organs and generates autonomic reflex responses. The autonomic nervous system
consists of the sympathetic nervous system, which "mobilizes organs and their
functions during times of stress and arousal, and the parasympathetic nervous
system, which conserves energy and resources during times of rest and
relaxation."5 (Bickley)
.
Determine the pairs of peripheral nerves
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral
E. Coccygeal -Correct Answers ✔-A. Cervical- 8
B. Thoracic- 12
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C. Lumbar- 5
D. Sacral- 5
E. Coccygeal- 1
- The PNS includes spinal and peripheral nerves that carry impulses to and from
the cord. A total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12
thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each nerve has an anterior (ventral)
root containing motor fibers, and a posterior (dorsal) root containing sensory
fibers. The anterior and posterior roots merge to form a short spinal nerve, <5 mm
long. Spinal nerve fibers commingle with similar fibers from other levels in
plexuses outside the cord, from which peripheral nerves emerge. Most peripheral
nerves contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers. (Bickley)
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Oflactory: sense of smell
A. I
B. Ii
C. III
D. IV
E. V
F. Vi
G. VII
H. VIIi
I. IX
J. X
K. Xi
L. XII -Correct Answers ✔-XII Hypoglossal motor tongue
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Optic: vision
A. II
B. I
C. III
D. IV
E. VI
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F. V
G. VIII
H. VII
I. IX
J. XI
K. X
L. XII -Correct Answers ✔-A. II
This mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate
movements by stim- ulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others. They
also carry impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension maintained by
normal muscle even when it is relaxed. (Bickley)
A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
B. Basal Ganglia
C. Cerebellar system -Correct Answers ✔-A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
- The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. The corticospinal tracts mediate voluntary
movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements by
stimulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others. They also carry
impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension maintained by normal muscle
even when it is relaxed. The corticospinal tracts originate in the motor cortex of the
brain (Fig. 17-6). Motor fibers travel down into the lower medulla, where they
form an anatomical structure resembling a pyramid.
- There, most of these fibers cross to the opposite or contralateral side of the
medulla, continue downward, and synapse with anterior horn cells or with
intermediate neurons. Tracts synapsing in the brainstem with motor nuclei of the
CNs are termed corticobulbar.
● The basal ganglia system. This exceedingly complex system includes motor
pathways between the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. It
helps to maintain muscle tone and to control body movements, especially gross
automatic movements such as walking.
● The cerebellar system. The cerebellum receives both sensory and motor input
and coordinates motor activity, maintains equilibrium, and helps to control posture.
(Bickley)
NU 673
NU 673 Midterm Exam Study Guide Questions
and Answers Graded A+ 2025
This consists of aggregations of neuronal cell bodies. It rims the surfaces of the
cerebral hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
A. Gray matter
B. White matter -Correct Answers ✔-A. Gray matter
- Deep in the brain lie additional clusters of gray matter (Fig. 17-2). These include
the basal ganglia, which affect movement, and the thalamus and the hypothala-
mus structures in the diencephalon. The thalamus processes sensory impulses and
relays them to the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis
(Bickley)
- and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The hypothalamus
affects the endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors such as anger and
sexual drive. Hormones secreted in the hypothalamus act directly on the pituitary
gland.
This consists of neuronal axons that are coated with myelin. The myelin sheaths,
which create the white color, allow nerve impulses to travel more rapidly.
A. Gray matter
B. White matter -Correct Answers ✔-B. White matter
- The internal capsule is a white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge
from all parts of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem. The brainstem,
which connects the upper part of the brain with the spinal cord, has three sections:
the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. (Bickley)
Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a
structure in the diencephalon and upper brainstem
A. Reticular activating system
B. Cerebellum -Correct Answers ✔-A. Reticular activating system
- Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a
structure in the diencephalon and upper brainstem, the reticular activating (arousal)
system.
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- The cerebellum, which lies at the base of the brain, coordinates all movement and
helps maintain the body upright in space. (Bickley)
Determine how many segements of the ff
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral -Correct Answers ✔-A. Cervical C1-C8
B. Thoracic T1-T12
C. Lumbar L1-L5
D. Sacral S1-S5
This regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations of touch and pain
A. Somatic
B. Autonomic -Correct Answers ✔-A. Somatic
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of both CNs and peripheral nerves
that project to the heart, visceral organs, skin, and limbs. It controls the somatic
nervous system, which regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations
of touch and pain, and the autonomic nervous system that connects to internal
organs and generates autonomic reflex responses. The autonomic nervous system
consists of the sympathetic nervous system, which "mobilizes organs and their
functions during times of stress and arousal, and the parasympathetic nervous
system, which conserves energy and resources during times of rest and
relaxation."5 (Bickley)
.
Determine the pairs of peripheral nerves
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral
E. Coccygeal -Correct Answers ✔-A. Cervical- 8
B. Thoracic- 12
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C. Lumbar- 5
D. Sacral- 5
E. Coccygeal- 1
- The PNS includes spinal and peripheral nerves that carry impulses to and from
the cord. A total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12
thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each nerve has an anterior (ventral)
root containing motor fibers, and a posterior (dorsal) root containing sensory
fibers. The anterior and posterior roots merge to form a short spinal nerve, <5 mm
long. Spinal nerve fibers commingle with similar fibers from other levels in
plexuses outside the cord, from which peripheral nerves emerge. Most peripheral
nerves contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers. (Bickley)
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Oflactory: sense of smell
A. I
B. Ii
C. III
D. IV
E. V
F. Vi
G. VII
H. VIIi
I. IX
J. X
K. Xi
L. XII -Correct Answers ✔-XII Hypoglossal motor tongue
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Optic: vision
A. II
B. I
C. III
D. IV
E. VI
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F. V
G. VIII
H. VII
I. IX
J. XI
K. X
L. XII -Correct Answers ✔-A. II
This mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate
movements by stim- ulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others. They
also carry impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension maintained by
normal muscle even when it is relaxed. (Bickley)
A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
B. Basal Ganglia
C. Cerebellar system -Correct Answers ✔-A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
- The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. The corticospinal tracts mediate voluntary
movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements by
stimulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others. They also carry
impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension maintained by normal muscle
even when it is relaxed. The corticospinal tracts originate in the motor cortex of the
brain (Fig. 17-6). Motor fibers travel down into the lower medulla, where they
form an anatomical structure resembling a pyramid.
- There, most of these fibers cross to the opposite or contralateral side of the
medulla, continue downward, and synapse with anterior horn cells or with
intermediate neurons. Tracts synapsing in the brainstem with motor nuclei of the
CNs are termed corticobulbar.
● The basal ganglia system. This exceedingly complex system includes motor
pathways between the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. It
helps to maintain muscle tone and to control body movements, especially gross
automatic movements such as walking.
● The cerebellar system. The cerebellum receives both sensory and motor input
and coordinates motor activity, maintains equilibrium, and helps to control posture.
(Bickley)
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