SECTION 1: CRITICAL THINKING D265 WGU Q AND A

SECTION 1: CRITICAL THINKING D265
WGU Q AND A

Whatxcisxcmeantxcbyxcvalidityxcorxcstrengthxcofxcanxcargument?xc-xcanswer--
Generally,xcStrongxcArgumentsxcarexconesxcthatxcarexcconvincing.xcAndxcanxcargumentxcisxcvalidxc
ifxcthexcpremises(ifxctrue)xcprovidexcproofxcofxcthexcconclusion.

Whatxcarexcthexcdifferentxctypesxcofxcinferences?xc-xcanswer---xcDeduction
-xcInduction
-Abduction

Inferencexc-xcanswer--Axcconclusionxconexccanxcdrawxcfromxcthexcpresentedxcdetails.

deductionxc-xcanswer--formingxcaxcgeneralxcconclusionxcbasedxconxcspecificxcobservations

Inductionxc-xcanswer--formingxcaxcspecificxcconclusionxcbasedxconxcgeneralxcpremise.

Abductionxcreasoningxc-xcanswer--rulesxcoutxcexplanationsxcuntilxcmostxcplausiblexcremains

truthxc-xcanswer--Axcpropositionxcthatxcaccuratelyxcrepresentsxcreality.

validityxc-xcanswer--
Inxcaxcgoodxcdeductivexcargumentxcstructure,xcwhenxctruexcpremisesxcmakexcthexcconclusionxcne
cessarilyxctrue.

invalidityxc-xcanswer--
Onexcorxctwoxcofxcthexcpremisesxcarexcfalse,xcthusxcmakingxcthexcconclusionxcfalse.

Soundnessxc-xcanswer--
Thexcdeductivexcargumentxcisxcvalid,xcandxcallxcpremisesxcarexctruexcpremises.

Unsoundnessxc-xcanswer--Whenxcthexcargumentxcisxcinvalidxcorxcthexcpremisesxcarexcfalse.

Howxcisxctruthxcconnectedxctoxcpropositions?xc-xcanswer--
Thexcrelationshipxcthatxcholdsxcbetweenxcaxcpropositionxcandxcitsxccorrespondingxcfact.xcIfxcaxcpro
positionxcisxctrue,xcthenxcthexcconclusionxcisxctrue,xcbutxcifxcit'sxcfalsexcthenxcit'sxcfalse.

validxcargumentxcformxc-xcanswer--
anxcargumentxcformxcinxcwhichxceveryxcsubstitutionxcinstancexcisxcaxcvalidxc(true)xcargument

invalidxcargumentxcformxc-xcanswer--
anxcargumentxcformxcthatxchasxcsomexcinvalidxc(false)xcsubstitutionxcinstances

, Differentiatexcbetweenxctruth,xcstrength,xcandxccogency.xc-xcanswer---
xcAxcstrongxcargumentxccanxchavexcaxcfalsexcconclusionxcevenxcifxcitxcstartsxcwithxctruexcpremisesxc(

strongxcargumentsxconlyxcmakexcthexcconclusionxcprobable,xcnotxccertain).
-
xccogentxcargumentxcmustxchavexctruexcpremises.xcCogencyxcisxcstrengthxcplusxctruexcpremises.xc

Cogency:xcInxcaxcstrongxcinductivexcargument,xcallxcpremisesxcarexctrue.
AllxcTruexcPremisesxc+xcStrongxcInductivexcSupportxc=xcCogencyxcArgument

StrengthxcofxcanxcArgumentxc-xcanswer--
Inxcthexcinductivexcargument,xctruexcpremisesxcmakexcthexcconclusionxcprobablyxctrue.xc(butxcnotxc
necessarilyxcaxcguarantee,xcbutxcthexcpremisesxcarexcsupportive)

Cogencyxc-xcanswer--Inxcaxcstrongxcinductivexcargument,xcallxcpremisesxcarexctrue.

Fallacyxc-xcanswer--axctypexcofxcbadxcargument.

FormalxcFallacyxc-xcanswer--
axclogicalxcerrorxcthatxcoccursxcinxcthexcformxcorxcstructurexcofxcanxcargument;xcitxcisxcrestrictedxctoxc
deductivexcarguments

informalxcfallacyxc-xcanswer--
axcmistakexcinxcreasoningxcthatxcoccursxcinxcordinaryxclanguagexcandxcisxcdifferentxcfromxcanxcerro
rxcinxcthexcformxcorxcstructurexcofxcarguments

ThexcFallacyxcFallacyxc-xcanswer--
Youxcpresumedxcthatxcbecausexcaxcclaimxchasxcbeenxcpoorlyxcargued,xcorxcaxcfallacyxchasxcbeenxc
made,xcthatxcthexcclaimxcitselfxcmustxcbexcwrong.

thexcfallacyxcfallacyxcexamplexc-xcanswer--
RecognizingxcthatxcAmandaxchadxccommittedxcaxcfallacyxcinxcarguingxcthatxcwexcshouldxceatxcheal
thyxcfoodxcbecausexcaxcnutritionistxcsaidxcitxcwasxcpopular,xcAlysexcsaidxcwexcshouldxcthereforexce
atxcbaconxcdoublexccheeseburgersxceveryxcday.

typesxcofxcinformalxcfallaciesxc-xcanswer---xcAdxcHominem
-xcAppealxctoxcIgnorance
-xcBeggingxcthexcQuestion
-xcConfusionxcofxcNecessaryxcwithxcaxcSufficientxcCondition
-xcEquivocation
-xcFalsexcDilemma
-xcFaultyxcAnalogy
-xcInconsistency
-xcIrrelevantxcAuthority
-xcIs-Ought
-xcOughtxcIs
-xcQuestionablexcCause
-xcRedxcHerring
-xcSlipperyxcSlope
-xcStrawxcPerson
-xcTwoxcWrongs