NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest )
Rasmussen
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
Module 4: GI
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
WHAT IS IT? – Disorder of the upper GI tract by action of hydrochloric acid and pesin
CAUSES? – H. Pylori (75% of cases with duodenal ulcers and 60% of those with stomach/gastric ulcers), NSAIDS,
excess secretion of acid, stress
WHERE IS IT FOUND? – stomach, and duodenum (usually proximal duodenum) MECHANISM – Uncertain
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA:
WHAT IS IT? – Most common form of liver cancer; usually occurs in patients with underlying chronic liver disease
and cirrhosis
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Weight loss, upper abdominal pain, jaundice, anorexia TREATMENT- surgery, transplant,
freezing or heating the cancer cells, and chemotherapy
GASTRITIS:
WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the stomach lining
CAUSES? – Acute is caused by ingestion of toxins like alcohol, aspirin, or other irritating substances
• Can also be caused by viral, bacterial, or autoimmune disease
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and postprandial discomfort
• Occasional hematemesis due to mucosal damage
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest )
Rasmussen
HEPATITIS:
WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the liver 3 MAJOR
TYPES:
• Hep A – spread by fecal oral route; most adults develop jaundice
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: malaise, anorexia, nausea, low grade fever, and right upper
quadrant pain
• Hep B – Spread by parental contact with infected body fluids
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – can have no symptoms to moderate illness to fulminant
hepatitis; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer
• Hep C – spread through blood and blood product; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer
Module 5 GU STI
AMENORRHEA:
WHAT IS IT? – Absence or suppression of menstruation in females age 16 or older; if female misses or more periods in
a row
PRIMARY – failure to begin menses by age 16
SECONDARY – cessation of established, regular menstruation for 6 months or longer
CAUSES - Usually due to abnormal pattern of hormonal functioning which causes interruption of normal sequence
of events of endometrial tissue lining the uterus proliferating and sloughing
PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING:
BLADDER CANCER RISK FACTORS:
CYSTITIS:
WHAT IS IT? - inflammation of the bladder lining CAUSES- infection,
chemical irritants, stones, and or trauma
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest )
Rasmussen
• Most commonly caused by infection; E-COLI is the most common pathogenic cause and it usually
originates in the urethra
RISK FACTORS? – being a female, old age, catheterization, diabetes, bladder dysfunction, poor hygiene, and urinary
stasis
• Children who have a congenital defect called vesicoureteral reflux often have a high risk of
cystitis
BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY):
WHAT IS IT? – Enlargement of the prostate
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Hesitancy (difficulty initiating a stream), decreased stream or dribbling, urinary retention, obstruction to
flow, interruption of the stream, infection caused by retention
HORMONES INVOLVED WITH URINATION:
HSV:
WHAT IS IT?: Herpes Simplex Virus; causes contagious sores that are often found around the mouth and or
genitalia. There is no cure, but it can be treated and prevented by medications.
TYPE 1: Oral herpes (cold sores)
TYPE 2: Genital warts (sexually transmitted)
PYELONEPHRITIS:
WHAT IS IT? - inflammation of the kidneys caused by infection; usually caused by E. Coli CAUSES- due to
ascending urinary tract infection
RISK FACTORS- pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, anatomical abnormalities, and obstructions SIGNS/SYMPTOMS –
CVA tenderness, fever, chills, n/v, anorexia, fever induced dehydration TREATMENT- usually 7-10 days of
antibiotics
Module 6 Diabetes/Endocrine
PRIMARY ENDOCRINE DISEASE:
WHAT IS IT?: A disease that originates within the gland in question
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest )
Rasmussen
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
Module 4: GI
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE:
WHAT IS IT? – Disorder of the upper GI tract by action of hydrochloric acid and pesin
CAUSES? – H. Pylori (75% of cases with duodenal ulcers and 60% of those with stomach/gastric ulcers), NSAIDS,
excess secretion of acid, stress
WHERE IS IT FOUND? – stomach, and duodenum (usually proximal duodenum) MECHANISM – Uncertain
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA:
WHAT IS IT? – Most common form of liver cancer; usually occurs in patients with underlying chronic liver disease
and cirrhosis
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Weight loss, upper abdominal pain, jaundice, anorexia TREATMENT- surgery, transplant,
freezing or heating the cancer cells, and chemotherapy
GASTRITIS:
WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the stomach lining
CAUSES? – Acute is caused by ingestion of toxins like alcohol, aspirin, or other irritating substances
• Can also be caused by viral, bacterial, or autoimmune disease
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and postprandial discomfort
• Occasional hematemesis due to mucosal damage
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest )
Rasmussen
HEPATITIS:
WHAT IS IT? – Inflammation of the liver 3 MAJOR
TYPES:
• Hep A – spread by fecal oral route; most adults develop jaundice
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: malaise, anorexia, nausea, low grade fever, and right upper
quadrant pain
• Hep B – Spread by parental contact with infected body fluids
o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – can have no symptoms to moderate illness to fulminant
hepatitis; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer
• Hep C – spread through blood and blood product; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer
Module 5 GU STI
AMENORRHEA:
WHAT IS IT? – Absence or suppression of menstruation in females age 16 or older; if female misses or more periods in
a row
PRIMARY – failure to begin menses by age 16
SECONDARY – cessation of established, regular menstruation for 6 months or longer
CAUSES - Usually due to abnormal pattern of hormonal functioning which causes interruption of normal sequence
of events of endometrial tissue lining the uterus proliferating and sloughing
PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING:
BLADDER CANCER RISK FACTORS:
CYSTITIS:
WHAT IS IT? - inflammation of the bladder lining CAUSES- infection,
chemical irritants, stones, and or trauma
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest )
Rasmussen
• Most commonly caused by infection; E-COLI is the most common pathogenic cause and it usually
originates in the urethra
RISK FACTORS? – being a female, old age, catheterization, diabetes, bladder dysfunction, poor hygiene, and urinary
stasis
• Children who have a congenital defect called vesicoureteral reflux often have a high risk of
cystitis
BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY):
WHAT IS IT? – Enlargement of the prostate
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS – Hesitancy (difficulty initiating a stream), decreased stream or dribbling, urinary retention, obstruction to
flow, interruption of the stream, infection caused by retention
HORMONES INVOLVED WITH URINATION:
HSV:
WHAT IS IT?: Herpes Simplex Virus; causes contagious sores that are often found around the mouth and or
genitalia. There is no cure, but it can be treated and prevented by medications.
TYPE 1: Oral herpes (cold sores)
TYPE 2: Genital warts (sexually transmitted)
PYELONEPHRITIS:
WHAT IS IT? - inflammation of the kidneys caused by infection; usually caused by E. Coli CAUSES- due to
ascending urinary tract infection
RISK FACTORS- pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, anatomical abnormalities, and obstructions SIGNS/SYMPTOMS –
CVA tenderness, fever, chills, n/v, anorexia, fever induced dehydration TREATMENT- usually 7-10 days of
antibiotics
Module 6 Diabetes/Endocrine
PRIMARY ENDOCRINE DISEASE:
WHAT IS IT?: A disease that originates within the gland in question
