Clayton's basic pharmacology chapter
12,13,14 Test Bank Questions And
Correct Answers.
indirect-acting cholinergic agents. - Answer Inhibit breakdown or removal of natural
acetylcholine from the acetylcholine receptors
Because cholinergic fibers innervate the entire body, effects in most body systems can be
expected. Fortunately, because all receptors do not respond to the same dosage, adverse
effects are not always seen. The higher the dosage, however, the greater the likelihood of
adverse effects
The control of the human body as a living organism comes primarily from two major systems -
Answer the nervous system and the endocrine system
endocrine system controls - Answer body's metabolism
nervous system regulates - Answer body's ongoing activities (e.g., heart and respiratory
muscle contractions), its rapid response to sudden changes in the environment (e.g., skeletal
muscles contracting to help an individual to avoid danger), and the rates of secretion of some
glands.
nervous system is composed - Answer central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the
brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes the peripheral
nerves subdivided into the afferent and efferent nerves.
central nervous system (CNS), which is made up - Answer up of the brain and the spinal cord
the peripheral nervous system - Answer includes the peripheral nerves subdivided into the
afferent and efferent nerves
afferent (peripheral) nerves conduct signals - Answer from sensory receptors (e.g., vision,
pressure, pain, cold, warmth, touch, smell) throughout the body to the CNS
efferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system - Answer The CNS processes these signals
and controls the body's response by sending signals back through
,somatic nervous system, - Answer controls voluntary movement (e.g., skeletal muscle
contractions)
autonomic nervous system - Answer which, as suggested by the name, works automatically
and is not under voluntary control
neurons - Answer Each nerve of the central and peripheral nervous systems is actually
composed of a series of segments
synapse - Answer The junction between one neuron and the next is called
neurotransmitters - Answer transmission of nerve signals or impulses occurs because of the
activity of chemical substances
-excitatory, which means that they stimulate the next neuron
-inhibitory, which means that they inhibit electrical impulses through the neuron
-Because a single neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter, the CNS is composed of
different types of neurons that secrete separate neurotransmitters
receptors - Answer A neurotransmitter is released into the synapse at the end of one neuron,
thereby activating receptors on the next neuron in the chain or, at the end of the nerve chain,
stimulating receptors on the end organ (e.g., the heart, smooth muscle, or gland)
types of neurotransmitters; the more common ones throughout the CNS - Answer
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and
glutamic acid. Substance P and the enkephalins and endorphins
Substance P and the enkephalins and endorphins regulate - Answer the sensation of pain, and
serotonin and dopamine regulate mood.
Neurotransmitter regulation by pharmacologic agents (e.g., medicines) - Answer is a major
mechanism that allows for the control of disease processes caused by an excess or deficiency of
these neurotransmitters.
The use of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters - Answer to control illnesses is
, nervous system helps to control - Answer blood pressure, gastrointestinal (GI) secretion and
motility, urinary bladder function, sweating, and body temperature. In general, it maintains a
constant internal environment (homeostasis) and responds to emergency situations.
two main branches of the autonomic nervous system - Answer sympathetic branch and the
parasympathetic branch
The sympathetic branch - Answer speeds up normal processes,
-typically functions in actions that require quick responses during the "fight-or-flight" response
parasympathetic branch - Answer slows down these processes
-functions as part of actions that do not require immediate reaction during the "rest-and-digest"
response
two major neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system - Answer norepinephrine and
acetylcholine.
cholinergic fibers - Answer nerve endings that liberate acetylcholine,
-stimulation of cholinergic fibers slows the heart rate
adrenergic fibers - Answer secrete norepinephrine
-heart, the stimulation of adrenergic fibers increases the heart rate
adrenergic agents or sympathomimetic agents - Answer Medications that cause effects similar
to those produced by the adrenergic neurotransmitter
anticholinergic agents - Answer Agents that block or inhibit cholinergic activity
Adrenergic blocking agents - Answer Inhibit the adrenergic system, preventing stimulation of
the adrenergic receptors
The adrenergic nervous system may be stimulated by two broad classes of drugs: - Answer
catecholamines and noncatecholamines
12,13,14 Test Bank Questions And
Correct Answers.
indirect-acting cholinergic agents. - Answer Inhibit breakdown or removal of natural
acetylcholine from the acetylcholine receptors
Because cholinergic fibers innervate the entire body, effects in most body systems can be
expected. Fortunately, because all receptors do not respond to the same dosage, adverse
effects are not always seen. The higher the dosage, however, the greater the likelihood of
adverse effects
The control of the human body as a living organism comes primarily from two major systems -
Answer the nervous system and the endocrine system
endocrine system controls - Answer body's metabolism
nervous system regulates - Answer body's ongoing activities (e.g., heart and respiratory
muscle contractions), its rapid response to sudden changes in the environment (e.g., skeletal
muscles contracting to help an individual to avoid danger), and the rates of secretion of some
glands.
nervous system is composed - Answer central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the
brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes the peripheral
nerves subdivided into the afferent and efferent nerves.
central nervous system (CNS), which is made up - Answer up of the brain and the spinal cord
the peripheral nervous system - Answer includes the peripheral nerves subdivided into the
afferent and efferent nerves
afferent (peripheral) nerves conduct signals - Answer from sensory receptors (e.g., vision,
pressure, pain, cold, warmth, touch, smell) throughout the body to the CNS
efferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system - Answer The CNS processes these signals
and controls the body's response by sending signals back through
,somatic nervous system, - Answer controls voluntary movement (e.g., skeletal muscle
contractions)
autonomic nervous system - Answer which, as suggested by the name, works automatically
and is not under voluntary control
neurons - Answer Each nerve of the central and peripheral nervous systems is actually
composed of a series of segments
synapse - Answer The junction between one neuron and the next is called
neurotransmitters - Answer transmission of nerve signals or impulses occurs because of the
activity of chemical substances
-excitatory, which means that they stimulate the next neuron
-inhibitory, which means that they inhibit electrical impulses through the neuron
-Because a single neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter, the CNS is composed of
different types of neurons that secrete separate neurotransmitters
receptors - Answer A neurotransmitter is released into the synapse at the end of one neuron,
thereby activating receptors on the next neuron in the chain or, at the end of the nerve chain,
stimulating receptors on the end organ (e.g., the heart, smooth muscle, or gland)
types of neurotransmitters; the more common ones throughout the CNS - Answer
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and
glutamic acid. Substance P and the enkephalins and endorphins
Substance P and the enkephalins and endorphins regulate - Answer the sensation of pain, and
serotonin and dopamine regulate mood.
Neurotransmitter regulation by pharmacologic agents (e.g., medicines) - Answer is a major
mechanism that allows for the control of disease processes caused by an excess or deficiency of
these neurotransmitters.
The use of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters - Answer to control illnesses is
, nervous system helps to control - Answer blood pressure, gastrointestinal (GI) secretion and
motility, urinary bladder function, sweating, and body temperature. In general, it maintains a
constant internal environment (homeostasis) and responds to emergency situations.
two main branches of the autonomic nervous system - Answer sympathetic branch and the
parasympathetic branch
The sympathetic branch - Answer speeds up normal processes,
-typically functions in actions that require quick responses during the "fight-or-flight" response
parasympathetic branch - Answer slows down these processes
-functions as part of actions that do not require immediate reaction during the "rest-and-digest"
response
two major neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system - Answer norepinephrine and
acetylcholine.
cholinergic fibers - Answer nerve endings that liberate acetylcholine,
-stimulation of cholinergic fibers slows the heart rate
adrenergic fibers - Answer secrete norepinephrine
-heart, the stimulation of adrenergic fibers increases the heart rate
adrenergic agents or sympathomimetic agents - Answer Medications that cause effects similar
to those produced by the adrenergic neurotransmitter
anticholinergic agents - Answer Agents that block or inhibit cholinergic activity
Adrenergic blocking agents - Answer Inhibit the adrenergic system, preventing stimulation of
the adrenergic receptors
The adrenergic nervous system may be stimulated by two broad classes of drugs: - Answer
catecholamines and noncatecholamines
