and Related Anatomy 10th Edition by Lampignano
, Chapter 01: Terminology, Positioning, and Imaging Principles
Lampignano: Bontrager’s Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related
Anatomy, 10th Edition
Multiple Choice Questions
Which type of tissue is responsible for connecting and supporting different structures within the body?
a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Muscular
d. Nervous
Correct Answer: B (Reference: 3)
Rationale: Connective tissue provides structural support, connects body parts, and helps bind organs together. Examples
include bone, cartilage, fat, and blood. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, muscular tissue enables movement, and nervous tiss
transmits signals.
2. What is the most fundamental level of structural organization in the human body?
a. Molecular
b. Cellular
c. Chemical
d. Atomic
Correct Answer: C (Reference: 3)
Rationale: The chemical level is the most basic, consisting of atoms and molecules. These chemical components combine to
form cells, which are the next level of organization. Thus, chemistry forms the foundation of biological structure and functio
3. Which tissue type lines both the internal and external surfaces of the body?
a. Muscular
b. Connective
c. Nervous
d. Epithelial
Correct Answer: D (Reference: 3)
Rationale: Epithelial tissue forms protective coverings on the body’s outer surface (skin) and internal linings (e.g., digestive
tract). It serves as a barrier and is essential for absorption, secretion, and protection.
4. How many distinct systems make up the human body?
a. 22
b. 13
c. 10
d. 8
Correct Answer: C (Reference: 3)
Rationale: The human body is organized into 10 primary systems, including the circulatory, nervous, muscular, skeletal,
endocrine, urinary, digestive, respiratory, integumentary, and reproductive systems. Each has unique functions but works in
coordination.
5. How many individual bones are present in the adult human skeleton?
a. 181
b. 215
c. 206
d. 236
Correct Answer: C (Reference: 4)
Rationale: Adults have 206 bones. This total decreases from birth (where there are ~270 bones) because many bones fuse
during growth, such as those in the skull and vertebral column.
,6. Which body system is responsible for the removal of solid waste?
a. Circulatory
b. Respiratory
c. Urinary
d. Digestive
Correct Answer: D (Reference: 4)
Rationale: The digestive system eliminates solid waste products through defecation. The urinary system removes liquid wast
while the circulatory and respiratory systems transport nutrients and gases, respectively.
7. Which human body system consists of all the body’s ductless glands?
a. Endocrine
b. Integumentary
c. Muscular
d. Glandular
Correct Answer: A (Reference: 6)
Rationale: The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands. These secr
hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.
8. Which body system plays a key role in regulating body temperature?
a. Circulatory
b. Urinary
c. Endocrine
d. Nervous
Correct Answer: A (Reference: 7)
Rationale: The circulatory system helps regulate temperature by distributing heat throughout the body. Blood vessels dilate t
release heat and constrict to retain it. The nervous system also contributes, but circulation is the primary mechanism.
9. Which bone belongs to the axial skeleton?
a. Radius
b. Hip bone
c. Clavicle
d. Sternum
Correct Answer: D (Reference: 7)
Rationale: The sternum is part of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The
appendicular skeleton contains bones of the limbs and girdles, such as the radius and hip bone.
10. How many bones are found in the adult axial skeleton?
a. 206
b. 80
c. 54
d. 126
Correct Answer: B (Reference: 7)
Rationale: The axial skeleton contains 80 bones, including the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. The remaining bones make
up the appendicular skeleton, totaling 126 bones, for the complete adult count of 206.
11. What is the name of the small, oval bone embedded within tendons?
a. Wormian
b. Tendinous
c. Irregular
d. Sesamoid
Correct Answer: D (Reference: 8)
Rationale: Sesamoid bones, such as the patella, form within tendons to protect them and improve leverage. They reduce
friction during movement. Wormian bones are small skull bones, while irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae) have complex shape
,12. Which of these bones is classified as a long bone?
a. Carpal
b. Scapula
c. Cranium
d. Humerus
Correct Answer: D (Reference: 8)
Rationale: Long bones, like the humerus, have a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). Carpals and scapula are short an
flat bones respectively, while cranial bones are flat or irregular.
13. What is the term for the dense, fibrous membrane that surrounds a bone?
a. Cancellous portion
b. Periosteum
c. Diploë
d. Medullary portion
Correct Answer: B (Reference: 9)
Rationale: The periosteum is a vascular connective tissue membrane that surrounds bone, providing nourishment and a site f
tendon/ligament attachment. Diploë refers to spongy bone in flat bones, while the medullary cavity contains marrow.
14. Which of these is considered a short bone?
a. Vertebrae
b. Phalanges (toes)
c. Scapulae
d. Carpal (wrist bones)
Correct Answer: D (Reference: 9)
Rationale: Short bones, such as carpals and tarsals, are cube-shaped and provide stability with limited movement. Vertebrae
are irregular bones, phalanges are long bones, and scapulae are flat bones.
15. What is the secondary growth center in the process of endochondral ossification?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphyses
c. Metaphysis
d. Articular cartilage
Correct Answer: B (Reference: 10)
Rationale: Secondary ossification occurs in the epiphyses of long bones. The primary center is in the diaphysis. Ossification
allows bones to lengthen during growth until the epiphyseal plate closes.
16. Which part of long bones is responsible for generating red blood cells?
a. Compact bone
b. Periosteum
c. Medullary cavity
d. Spongy or cancellous bone
Correct Answer: D (Reference: 10)
Rationale: Spongy (cancellous) bone contains red bone marrow, the site of hematopoiesis. Compact bone provides strength,
the periosteum supplies nutrients, and the medullary cavity mainly stores yellow marrow in adults.
17. Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?
a. Calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum
b. Ribs, sternum, patella, and ilia of pelvis
c. Sternum, scapulae, ilia of pelvis, and base of cranium
d. Sternum and ilia of pelvis only
Correct Answer: A (Reference: 9)
Rationale: Flat bones include the calvaria (skullcap), ribs, scapulae, and sternum. They provide protection and large surfaces
for muscle attachment. Patella is a sesamoid bone, and ilia are irregular.